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1ST YR RESP > Anatomy of Breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Normal air contains around how much oxygen?

A

Around 20%

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2
Q

What is the respiratory tree?

A

A set of tubes which connect the nose/mouth with the millions of alveoli within the 2 lungs

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3
Q

Thin walled alveoli covered with many thin walled capillaries allow what?

A

Oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into the blood

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4
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Nasa; cavities
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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5
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A 
- Trachea (right and left main bronchus)
Lungs...
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
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6
Q

What is a lung lobe?

A

The area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply air to

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7
Q

The left lung does not have a ______ lung lobe

A

Middle

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8
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments do each lung have?

A

10 bronchopulmonary segments

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9
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

The area of the lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply air to

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10
Q

What do fissures (deep crevices) do?

A

Separate the lung lobes from eachother

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11
Q

What part of the lungs have their own air, blood, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage?

A
  • Each lung lobe

- Each bronchopulmonary segment

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12
Q

Each segment is full of what?

A

Bronchioles and alveoli

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13
Q

What lines the inside of the bronchial tree?

A

A respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

Mucous glands secrete mucous onto what?

A

The epithelial surface

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15
Q

What is meant by the mucociliary escalator?

A

Cilia beat to sweep mucous superiorly, towards the pharynx to be swallowed

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16
Q

What are two factors that interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

A
  • Cooling/ drying of the mucosa

- Toxins in cigarette smoke

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17
Q

Hyaline cartilage supports the walls of what?

A

Supports the walls of the trachea and all the bronchi

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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage assists with maintaining the _____ of the airways

A

Patency (holding them open)

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19
Q

The amount of cartilage gradually _______ distally in the respiratory tree

A

reduces

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20
Q

The walls of most distal bronchioles and of the alveoli do not contain any what?

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

Alveoli must have neither what in their walls or else diffusion would be effected?

A

Must have neither cartilage nor smooth muscle

The walls must also be extremely thin

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22
Q

Smooth muscle in the walls of the airways becomes progressively more _____ distally

A

Prominent

23
Q

Smooth muscle is the most prominent feature of the walls of the what?

A

Bronchioles

24
Q

Bronchioles can either _____ or ______

A

Constrict (become narrower)
or
Dilate (become wider)

25
Q

When is a wheeze sound made?

A

As air passes through constricted (narrowed) airways

26
Q

What are the 5 factors that ensure enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between alveolus and blood at the pulmonary capillary beds

A
  • Sufficient functioning lung tissue
  • Sufficient O2 in the air we breathe
  • No CO2 in the air we breathe
  • Minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli (air sacs) to facilitate gaseous diffusion
  • Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar capillaries to facilitate gaseous diffusion
27
Q

What are the two main dangers to the lungs?

A
  1. The respiratory tract may become narrowed
    - bronchioles may constrict
    - swelling of the mucosa lining the inside of
    the respiratory tree and overproduction of
    mucous
    - a growing tumour may externally
    compress the tract at any point
  2. Foreign bodies being inhaled into the respiratory tract
    - May partially or completely stop breathing
28
Q

How is the upper respiratory tract (URT) kept patent?

A

Due to the 2 nasal cavities in the skull seperated by the nasal septum

29
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A
  • Bony (posterior part) of the nasal septum is made up of ethmoid bone (superiorly) and vomer bond (inferiorly)
  • Cartilaginous (anterior) part of the nasal septum
30
Q

What are the four components of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Feautreless medial wall
  • Featured lateral wall
  • A floor (formed from the palate)
  • A roof (formed by the midline part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa)
31
Q

What are the four cartilages that the larynx (voice box) consists of?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • 2 Arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
32
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Cartilages help to maintain patency of URT
  2. Helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT (vocal cords)
  3. Produces sound (vocal cords)
33
Q

What is the inferior continuation of the larynx?

A

The trachea

34
Q

What is the narrowest part of the larynx?

A

The rima glottidis

35
Q

Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at which area?

A

At the rima glottidis

36
Q

What are the two functions of the vocal ligaments?

A
  1. Airway protection

2. Voice production

37
Q

How do the vocal ligaments (cords) cause airway protection?

A
  • Vocal cords can approximate in the midline closing the rima glottidis, preventing a foreign body being inhaled into the trachea
  • A cough reflex is then stimulated to expel foreign body via the pharynx and oral cavity
38
Q

How do the vocal ligaments (cords) cause voice production?

A
  • Pronation (producing sound)
    Air is expired across the vocal cords, the cords vibrate to produce sound
  • Articulation (producing speech)
    Sound is modified in the nose or mouth to produce vowels and consonants
39
Q

What are the 6 steps that the Heimlich manoeuvre carries out?

A
  1. Raise abdominal pressure
  2. This forces the diaphragm superiorly
  3. This raises the pressure in the chest
  4. This raises the pressure in the lungs
  5. This forces air from lungs into trachea
  6. This forces air through the rima glottidis to expel the foreign body out of the URT
40
Q

What are the main dangers if warm, moist, clean air is not moved in and out of the lungs?

A
  1. Cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract
    - dangers the mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection
  2. Breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses etc.
    - causes infection (commonly of the nose/throat/larynx/lungs)
41
Q

What do the conchae do to the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

A

The conchae greatly increase the surface area of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

42
Q

What do the conchae produce?

A

Produce turbulent flow bringing air into contact with the walls

43
Q

What provides warmth and moisture to the upper and lower RT?

A
  • The respiratory mucosa lining the walls of the nasal cavities has a very good arterial blood supply which provides warmth
  • The respiratory mucosa also produces mucous which provides moisture
44
Q

What do the tonsils do to clean the URT?

A
  • Tonsils are part of the lymphatic system
  • Located within the mucosa lining the pharynx
  • Produce white blood cells in defence against infection
45
Q

What are the three components of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
46
Q

What makes up the chest wall?

A
  • Skin and fascia
  • Bones
  • Skeletal muscles
  • The diaphragm
  • Parietal pleura
47
Q

What makes up the 12 ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs
True ribs:
- ribs 1-7 attach via costal cartilage to the sternum

False ribs:
- ribs 8-10 attach via costal cartilage above to the sternum

Floating ribs:
- ribs 11-12 no attachment to sternum

48
Q

What makes up the thoracic skeleton?

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Intercostal spaces
  • Costal margain
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • Clavicle and scapula
  • Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid, sternal angle)
49
Q

What are located between the ribs within the intercostal spaces?

A

3 Layers of Skeletal Muscles

  • external intercostal muscles
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • innermost intercostal muscles
50
Q

Layers of the intercostal muscles attach between what?

A

Adjacent ribs

51
Q

How do intercostal muscles make the chest wall expand during breathing?

A

Pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

52
Q

What is another skeletal muscle important in breathing other than the intercostal spaces?

A

The diaphragm

53
Q

What sits between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura?

A

The pleural cavity

1ST YR RESP (8 decks)

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