Anatomy of breathing 2 Flashcards
Upper respiratory tract
Right and left nasal cavities
Or oral cavity
Naso-, oro- & laryng- pharynx
Larynx
Lower respiratory tract
trachea Right and left main bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi bronchioles Alveoli
What happens at level C6 of vertebra?
Larynx becomes trachea
Pharynx becomes oesophagus
Thorax?
The chest: part of body cavity between neck and diaphragm/ abdomen
Skeleton of thorax?
Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, thoracic vertebrae of backbone
Thorax encloses?
Lungs, heart, oesophagus, associated structures
2 parts of thorax?
Chest walls and chest cavity
Chest walls?
Protect heart and lungs
Make breathing movements
Breast tissue - lactation
Chest cavity?
Within chest walls
Contains vital organs (viscera)
Contain major vessels and nerves
Consists of mediastinum & R & L pleural cavities
Chest wall layers (superficial to deep)?
Skin Fascia (superficial and deep) Skeletal muscle Bone/joints Parietal pleura
Mediastinum?
Space in thorax between two pleural sacs (between lungs)
Contains heart, aorta, trachea, oesophagus, thymus gland
Is divided into anterior, middle, posterior and superior regions
Pleural cavity
Space between visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural fluid?
Secreted by pleura into pleural cavity and is a lubricant & provides surface tension
Parietal pleura?
Covering of inner surface of chest wall
Visceral pleura?
Covering of the lungs
What does pleura consist of?
Closed sac of serous membranes with smooth shiny moist surface due to secretion of small amounts of fluid
Use of fluid in pleura?
Lubricates opposing viscera and parietal surface so that they can slide painlessly over each other during breathing
Lung lobe?
Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air Separated by fissures
Bronchopulmonary segment?
Area of lung lobe that each one of segmental bronchi supply with air (each lung 10)
Layers of skeletal muscle located between ribs & within intercostal space?
External, internal, innermost
Layers attach between adjacent ribs
Function of skeletal muscles?
Make chest wall expand during breathing - pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
Diaphragm?
Another skeletal muscle important in breathing
Intercostal spaces?
Between the ribs (11)
Nerve supply to intercostal nerve?
Anterior ramus of spinal nerve
Nerve supply to diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Diaphragm?
Internal part of body wall - forms floor of chest cavity and roof of abdominal cavity
L & R domes - right superior
Phrenic nerves
Found in neck and chest and supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium and supplies somatic motor axons to diaphragm
Inspiration mechanics?
1 - Diaphragm contracts and descends - inc vertical chest dimension
2 - Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs - inc A-P and lateral chest dimensions
3- Chest walls pull lungs outwards with them (pleura) - air flows into lungs, neg pressure
Expiration mechanics?
1- Diaphragm relaxes and rises - dec vertical thoracic dimension
2- Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs - dec A-P and lateral chest dimensions
3 - Elastic tissue of lungs recoil - air flows out of lungs
Female breast?
Superolateral, superomedial, inferomedial, inferolateral quadrants
Pectoral region?
4 muscles - the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and subclavius.
Costodiaphragmatic recess
Most dependent part of pleural cavity
Between diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal parietal pleura
Most inferior region laterally is costophrenic angle
Abnormal fluid in pleural cavity drains into/ collects in recess
Causes blunting of angles
Types of parietal pleura?
Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal
Structures of root of lung?
1 main bronchus 1 pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins Lymphatics Visceral afferents Sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic nerves
Afferent?
Sensory nerve
Efferent?
Motor nerve
Fissures?
Deep crevices that separate lobes from each other
Lung lobes?
Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
Bronchopulmonary segment?
Area of lung lobe that each of the segmental bronchi supply with air (10)
Auscultation?
Listening to sound of air moving through larynx
Where do you need to auscultate?
All 5 lung lobes, apices and bases
Auscultation of lung apex?
In root of neck
Superior to medial 1/3 of clavicle
Ausculation of middle lobe?
Between ribs 4 & 6 in mid-clavicular & mid-axillary lines
Oblique fissures?
Bilaterally at level of ribs 6 anteriorly rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly
Auscultation of lung base?
In the scapular line at T11 vertebral level
Where does left base descend into during full inspiration?
Left costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleural cavity
