Anatomy of breathing 2

Question 1

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

Right and left nasal cavities
Or oral cavity
Naso-, oro- & laryng- pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

trachea
Right and left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 3

What happens at level C6 of vertebra?

Answer 3

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

Question 4

Thorax?

Answer 4

The chest: part of body cavity between neck and diaphragm/ abdomen

Question 5

Skeleton of thorax?

Answer 5

Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, thoracic vertebrae of backbone

Question 6

Thorax encloses?

Answer 6

Lungs, heart, oesophagus, associated structures

Question 7

2 parts of thorax?

Answer 7

Chest walls and chest cavity

Question 8

Chest walls?

Answer 8

Protect heart and lungs
Make breathing movements
Breast tissue - lactation

Question 9

Chest cavity?

Answer 9

Within chest walls
Contains vital organs (viscera)
Contain major vessels and nerves
Consists of mediastinum & R & L pleural cavities

Question 10

Chest wall layers (superficial to deep)?

Answer 10

Skin
Fascia (superficial and deep)
Skeletal muscle
Bone/joints
Parietal pleura

Question 11

Mediastinum?

Answer 11

Space in thorax between two pleural sacs (between lungs)
Contains heart, aorta, trachea, oesophagus, thymus gland
Is divided into anterior, middle, posterior and superior regions

Question 12

Pleural cavity

Answer 12

Space between visceral and parietal pleura

Question 13

Pleural fluid?

Answer 13

Secreted by pleura into pleural cavity and is a lubricant & provides surface tension

Question 14

Parietal pleura?

Answer 14

Covering of inner surface of chest wall

Question 15

Visceral pleura?

Answer 15

Covering of the lungs

Question 16

What does pleura consist of?

Answer 16

Closed sac of serous membranes with smooth shiny moist surface due to secretion of small amounts of fluid

Question 17

Use of fluid in pleura?

Answer 17

Lubricates opposing viscera and parietal surface so that they can slide painlessly over each other during breathing

Question 18

Lung lobe?

Answer 18

Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air Separated by fissures

Question 19

Bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 19

Area of lung lobe that each one of segmental bronchi supply with air (each lung 10)

Question 20

Layers of skeletal muscle located between ribs & within intercostal space?

Answer 20

External, internal, innermost

Layers attach between adjacent ribs

Question 21

Function of skeletal muscles?

Answer 21

Make chest wall expand during breathing - pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

Question 22

Diaphragm?

Answer 22

Another skeletal muscle important in breathing

Question 23

Intercostal spaces?

Answer 23

Between the ribs (11)

Question 24

Nerve supply to intercostal nerve?

Answer 24

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve

Question 25

Nerve supply to diaphragm?

Answer 25

Phrenic nerve

Question 26

Diaphragm?

Answer 26

Internal part of body wall - forms floor of chest cavity and roof of abdominal cavity L & R domes - right superior

Question 27

Phrenic nerves

Answer 27

Found in neck and chest and supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium and supplies somatic motor axons to diaphragm

Question 28

Inspiration mechanics?

Answer 28

1 - Diaphragm contracts and descends - inc vertical chest dimension 2 - Intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs - inc A-P and lateral chest dimensions 3- Chest walls pull lungs outwards with them (pleura) - air flows into lungs, neg pressure

Question 29

Expiration mechanics?

Answer 29

1- Diaphragm relaxes and rises - dec vertical thoracic dimension 2- Intercostal muscles relax lowering ribs - dec A-P and lateral chest dimensions 3 - Elastic tissue of lungs recoil - air flows out of lungs

Question 30

Female breast?

Answer 30

Superolateral, superomedial, inferomedial, inferolateral quadrants

Question 31

Pectoral region?

Answer 31

4 muscles - the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and subclavius.

Question 32

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 32

Most dependent part of pleural cavity Between diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal parietal pleura Most inferior region laterally is costophrenic angle Abnormal fluid in pleural cavity drains into/ collects in recess Causes blunting of angles

Question 33

Types of parietal pleura?

Answer 33

Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

Question 34

Structures of root of lung?

Answer 34

``` 1 main bronchus 1 pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins Lymphatics Visceral afferents Sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic nerves ```

Question 35

Afferent?

Answer 35

Sensory nerve

Question 36

Efferent?

Answer 36

Motor nerve

Question 37

Fissures?

Answer 37

Deep crevices that separate lobes from each other

Question 38

Lung lobes?

Answer 38

Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

Question 39

Bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 39

Area of lung lobe that each of the segmental bronchi supply with air (10)

Question 40

Auscultation?

Answer 40

Listening to sound of air moving through larynx

Question 41

Where do you need to auscultate?

Answer 41

All 5 lung lobes, apices and bases

Question 42

Auscultation of lung apex?

Answer 42

In root of neck | Superior to medial 1/3 of clavicle

Question 43

Ausculation of middle lobe?

Answer 43

Between ribs 4 & 6 in mid-clavicular & mid-axillary lines

Question 44

Oblique fissures?

Answer 44

Bilaterally at level of ribs 6 anteriorly rising to T3 vertebral level posteriorly

Question 45

Auscultation of lung base?

Answer 45

In the scapular line at T11 vertebral level

Question 46

Where does left base descend into during full inspiration?

Answer 46

Left costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleural cavity