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Respiratory > Anatomy of breathing 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy of breathing 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

Lower respiratory tract aka ?

A

The respiratory tree

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3
Q

What does LRT consist of?

A 
Trachea
R & L main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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4
Q

What happens at level C6 of vertebra?

A

Larynx becomes trachea

Pharynx becomes oesophagus

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5
Q

Bifurcation of trachea?

A

Division into 2 main bronchi

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6
Q

Lobar bronchi?

A

One lobar bronchi for each of 5 lung lobes

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7
Q

Segmental bronchi?

A

One for each of the 10 bronchopulmonary segments

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8
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Area of lung lobe that each of segmental bronchi supply with air
10 per lung

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9
Q

Order of bronchi?

A

Main bronchi –> Lobar bronchi –> Segmental bronchi

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10
Q

What do each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have?

A

Own air supply (bronchus)
Blood supply
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply

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11
Q

Lining of inside of bronchial tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium -

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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12
Q

Pseudostratified?

A

Tissues formed by a single layer of cells that give the appearance of being made from multiple layers

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13
Q

Where does this respiratory lining not line in the bronchial tree?

A

Distal bronchioles & alveoli

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14
Q

Mucociliary escalator?

A

Mucuous glands secrete mucous onto epithelial surface

Cilia beat to sweep mucous (+ foreign bodies stuck in mucous) superiorly towards pharynx –> swallowed

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15
Q

Hyaline cartilage function?

A

Supports walls of trachea and all of the bronchi which maintains patency of airways (holds them open)

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16
Q

What happens to the amount of cartilage as you move distally in the respiratory tree?

A

Gradually reduces

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17
Q

Is there cartilage in the most distal bronchioles and alveoli walls?

A

NO as this would impact on diffusion

18
Q

What happens to the amount of smooth muscle as you move distally in the airways?

A

Smooth muscle in walls of airways becomes more prominent

19
Q

Most prominent feature of bronchiole walls?

A

Smooth muscle

Bronchioles can therefore constrict and dilate

20
Q

Main requirements for adequate diffusion at alveolar wall? (5)

A

1 - Sufficient functioning lung tissue
2 - Sufficient O2 in air we breathe in
3 - No CO2 in air we breathe in
4 - Minimal thickness of walls of alveoli to facilitate gaseous diffusion
5 - Minimal tissue fluid in tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries

21
Q

Main dangers to air moving freely through the URT and LRT?

A

Resp tract may become narrowed:
- Bronchioles constrict
- Swelling of mucosa lining resp tree & overproduction of mucus
- Growing tumour may externally compress
Foreign bodies being inhaled
- May stop breathing

22
Q

How do we keep URT patent?

A

2 nasal cavities separated by nasal septum

Larynx consists of several cartilages which help maintain patency

23
Q

Describe the nasal septum

A

Bony posterior part - ethmoid bone (superiorly) & vomer (inferiorly)
Cartilaginous part anterior

24
Q

Larynx/ voice box consists of which cartilages?

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages

25
Q

Functions of larynx?

A
  • Cartilages help to maintain the patency of the URT
  • Helps to prevent the entry of foreign bodies into the LRT (the vocal cords)
  • Produces sound (the vocal cords)
26
Q

What is the inferior continuation of the larynx?

A

Trachea

27
Q

Narrowest part of larynx?

A

Rima glottidis

28
Q

Airway protection - vocal chords?

A
  • Vocal cords can approximate in midline, closing rima glottidis & preventing foreign body being inhaled into trachea
  • Cough reflex then stimulated to expel foreign body via pharynx & oral cavity
29
Q

Vocal ligaments & voice production?

A
  • Phonation (producing sound) - expire air across vocal cords & cords vibrate to produce sound
  • Articulation ( producing speech) - sound modified in nose, mouth
30
Q

Describe how the air breathed in is normally warmed, humidified & “cleaned”

A

Conchae & respiratory mucosa

31
Q

How do the conchae contribute to the air being warmed, humidified & cleaned?

A

Conchae

  • Inc SA of lateral walls of nasal cavities
  • Produce turbulent blood flow - brings air into contact with walls
32
Q

How does resp mucosa contribute to the air being warmed, humidified & cleaned?

A

Good arterial blood supply - warmth
Produces mucous providing moisture - humidify
Sticky mucous traps infected particles - cleaned
Cilia waft mucous to pharynx to be swallowed into gastric acid

33
Q

What else contributes to the cleaning process?

A

Tonsils located in mucosa lining pharynx

34
Q

Anatomy of thoracic skeleton?

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • Intercostal spaces
  • Costal margin
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • Clavicle & scapula
  • Sternum
35
Q

True ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach via their costal cartilage to sternum

36
Q

False ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10

Attach via the costal cartilage above to the sternum

37
Q

Floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 & 12

No attachment to sternum

38
Q

What does the sternum consist of?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle

39
Q

Joints of thoracic skeleton?

A

Sternocostal joins - synovial
Costochondrial joints
Costovertebral joints
—> Limited movement

40
Q

Costal margins?

A

Lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage

41
Q

Where do layers of intercostal muscles attach?

A

Between adjacent ribs

42
Q

How do intercostal muscles make chest wall expand?

A

By pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

Respiratory (6 decks)

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