Anatomy Of Bones And Joints

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

The articulation/union of two rigid structures (bone/cartilage)

Question 2

Syndesmosis

Answer 2

A fibrous joint which unites bome with a sheet of fibrous tissue. E.g. the interosseous membrane between radius and ulna

Question 3

Gomphosis

Answer 3

A peg-like fibrous process stabilises a tooth and provides proprioceptive information like chewing, clenching. e.g. dento-alveolar syndesmosis.

Question 4

Suture

Answer 4

Cranial sutures

Question 5

Primary cartilaginous/synchondroses

Answer 5

United by hyaline cartilage (articular) and only seen in children as allow bone growth.

Question 6

Secondary cartilagenous/symphyses

Answer 6

united by fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral discs

Question 7

Synovial

Answer 7

Ball and socket - hip
Hinge - knee/elbow
Plane - intervertebral facet, acromioclavicular (clavicle)
Pivot - atlanto-axial
Saddle - carpometacarpal joint (wrist)
Condyloid - metacarpophalangeal joint (first knuckle)

Question 8

Fibrous joints

Answer 8

United bone with dense fibrous connective tissue. It has high tensile strength with little movement in adults.

Question 9

Cartilaginous

Answer 9

Articulating structures are united by hyaline /fibrocartilage.
Primary - allow for bone growth, disappear in adults, no movement.
Secondary - don’t ossify with age, found in mid-line, limited movement.

Question 10

Synovial features

Answer 10

Greatest movement. Contains a fibrous capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial capsule and an articular cavity containing synovial fluid.

Question 11

Joint stability

Answer 11

Joints are stabilised by the shape of the articulating surfaces, fibrous capsule, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments and muscles.

Question 12

Blood supply to joints

Answer 12

Joints recieve blood from articular arteries that arise from vessels around the joint. The arteries often anastomose to form networks which ensure a continous blood supply to a joint throughout its range of movement. Articular veins communicate like arteries. Both are found in the joint capsule mainly the synovial membrane.

Question 13

Nerve supply to joints

Answer 13

HILTON LAW - the nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their attachments.

Joints transmit a sensation called proprioception which provides an awareness of movement and position of the body parts.

Question 14

Elementary joint pathologies

Answer 14

Trauma, arthritis, craniosynastosis (abnornally shaped head)