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IB Biology > Anatomy of a cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of a cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of structural organisation?

A

Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ system
Organism

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2
Q

What are the contents of a typical cell?

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
cytoskeletal elements
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
golgi complex

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3
Q

What are three characteristics of the cell membrane?

A
  • Fluid in nature
  • Can change its shape easily
  • Separated the cytoplasm from the outside environment
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4
Q

Under an electron microscope what is the structure of the cell membrane called?

A

trilaminar structure

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5
Q

What does the trilaminar structure consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins

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6
Q

What are the two different types of proteins in a cell membrane?

A

Integral and peripheral

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7
Q

What do integral and peripheral proteins act as (5)?

A

Receptors
Channels
Transporters
Enzymes
Cell attachment proteins

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Acts as a selective structural barrier between the cell and the outside environment

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane highly permeable to?

A

Water
Oxygen
Small hydrophobic molecules

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane virtually impermeable to?

A

Charged ions

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11
Q

How do larger molecules pass through the cell membrane?

A

By utilizing transport mechanisms like exocytosis and endocytosis

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12
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

The cytosol and cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

A solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

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14
Q

What is the size of microfilaments?

A

7nm

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15
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Fine strands of protein actin

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16
Q

What is the space inside the cell called?

A

Intracellular space

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17
Q

What is the space between the cells called?

A

Intercellular space

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18
Q

Where do you find microfilaments?

A

Under the cell membrane

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19
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Form a network which provides mechanical support, determines cell shape and allows movement of the cell surface.

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20
Q

What is the size of intermediate filaments?

A

10-15nm in diameter

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21
Q

What is the physical description of intermediate filaments?

A

They form a network throughout the cytoplasm, that can extend a ring surrounding the nucleus towards the plasma membrane.

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22
Q

What do the intermediate filaments do?

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the cell membrane

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23
Q

What is the size of microtubules?

A

24nm

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24
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Two types of tubulin subunits, alpha and beta in an alternating array

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25
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

They originate from a special organising centre called the centrosome

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26
Q

What does it mean that microtubules are polar?

A

Polymerize in the central portion of the cell

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27
Q

What is Dynein when talking about microtubules?

A

Dynein is an ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

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28
Q

What is Kinesin when talking about microtubules?

A

Kinesin is an ATPase that moves toward the cell periphery?

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29
Q

Why are proteins Kinesin and Dynein important?

A

They are important in the movement of components in cells with long processes

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30
Q

What do dynein and kinesin do to microtubules?

A

They attach to the microtubules and move along them.
They associate with the membranes of organelles and vesicles and drag them along the microtubule

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31
Q

What is an example of microtubules and dynein and kinesin?

A

The long axonal process of many neurons

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32
Q

What best describes the purpose of microtubules?

A

They act as the motorway network of the cell.

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33
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

Keratin

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34
Q

What is a nucleus enclosed by?

A

A double layered nuclear envelope

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35
Q

What is a nucleus made up of?

A

Inner & outer nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores

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36
Q

What are the two types of DNA found in a nucleus?

A

Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

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37
Q

What is Euchromatin?

A

Dispersed DNA actively undergoing transcription

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38
Q

What is Heterochromatin?

A

Condensed DNA not undergoing transcription

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39
Q

What is the location of RNA synthesis?

A

The nucleus

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40
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

In the nucleolus

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41
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

a 1-3um diameter dense area within the nucleus

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42
Q

Where is mRNA and tRNA transcribed?

A

In the nucleus

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43
Q

What are the nuclear pores doing?

A

They are in communication with Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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44
Q

How does the endoplasmic reticulum appear in micrographs?

A

As flattened membrane sheets or elongated tubular profiles

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45
Q

What does reticulum stand for?

A

Net like structure

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46
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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47
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of intercommunicating channels and sacs formed by a continuous membrane

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48
Q

What happens in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into membranes or for secretion

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49
Q

What is the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum studded with?

A

Ribosomes

50
Q

How does the amount of Endoplasmic reticulum in a cell vary with activity?

A

Prominent in cells specialized for protein
RER = little in metabolically inactive cells
SER = most cells contain little SER but in some it is extensive

51
Q

Where are ribosomes synthesised and assembled?

A

In the nucleus

52
Q

What happens to ribosomes once they’ve assembled?

A

They leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm to participate in protein synthesis

53
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

Two different sized subunits

54
Q

Is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum continuous with Rough ER?

A

Yes

55
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Lipid biosynthesis
Detoxification of potentially harmful compounds
Degradation of glycogen

56
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae that are arranged in sub-compartments

57
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging of proteins and macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER
Adds sugars
Cleaves some proteins
Sorts macromolecules into vesicles

58
Q

What is the physical description of mitochondria?

A

Oblong, cylindrical organelles, typically 0.5-2um in length

59
Q

What do mitochondria contain?

A

Their own DNA and system for protein production

60
Q

What is the functions of mitochondria?

A

Generation of ATP
Synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

61
Q

How do mitochondria generate ATP?

A

Via oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

What are the two layers of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane and inner membrane

63
Q

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Smooth

64
Q

Describe the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A

Extensively folded to form cristae

65
Q

What is the number of mitochondria related to?

A

The cells energy needs

66
Q

What are the three types of tissue from embryological origin?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

67
Q

What makes up ectoderm?

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Nervous system

68
Q

What makes up endoderm?

A

Inner linings and organs (GI tract, respiratory tract)

69
Q

What makes up the mesoderm?

A

Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle
Fat
Bone
Cartilage

70
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue in an organ?

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

71
Q

What does adipo refer to?

A

Refers to fatty tissue

72
Q

What are myocytes?

A

Muscle cells

73
Q

What are Endothelium?

A

Cells lining blood vessels (inner lining)

74
Q

What are cytes?

A

Cells

75
Q

What does chondro refer to?

A

Refers to cartilage

76
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells of cartilagem

77
Q

What does osteo refer to?

A

Refers to bones

78
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells

79
Q

What are the two main components of each tissue?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

80
Q

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

A

Lining of surfaces or body cavities
Glandular secretion

81
Q

What is the main function of connective tissue?

A

Support and protection

82
Q

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

A

Transmission of nervous impulses

83
Q

What is the main function of muscle tissue?

A

Movement

84
Q

How much extracellular matrix is found in epithelial tissue?

A

Small amount

85
Q

How much extracellular matrix is found in connective tissue?

A

Abundant amount

86
Q

How much extracellular matrix is found in nervous tissue?

A

None

87
Q

How much extracellular matrix is found in muscle tissue?

A

Moderate amount

88
Q

Describe the cells in epithelial tissue

A

Cells are aggregated and tightly adherent to each other

89
Q

Describe the cells in connective tissue

A

Several types of fixed and wandering cells

90
Q

Describe the types of cell in nervous tissue

A

Cells are specialized to have cytoplasmic processes which transmit nerve impulses

91
Q

Describe cells in muscle tissues

A

Elongated contractile cells

92
Q

Where is muscle tissue derived from?

A

Mesoderm

93
Q

Where is nervous tissue derived from?

A

Ectoderm (neuroectoderm)

94
Q

Where is connective tissue derived from?

A

Almost all comes from mesoderm

95
Q

Where is epithelium tissue derived from?

A

All three layers.
Ectoderm - skin and glands
Endoderm - inner lining epithelia

96
Q

What are the three things epithelium tissue does?

A

Covers body surface
Lines hollow organs
Forms glands

97
Q

How does epithelium tissue occur?

A

As sheets of cells

98
Q

What can epithelium tissue vary in?

A

Size
Shape
Orientation
Function

99
Q

What is a simple tissue?

A

One layer

100
Q

What is a stratified tissue?

A

Several layers

101
Q

What is a pseudostratified tissue?

A

Looks multi layered but is only one layer

102
Q

What is squamous tissue?

A

Flat plate-like

103
Q

What is cuboidal tissue?

A

Height similar to width

104
Q

What is columnar tissue?

A

Heigh 2-5 times width

105
Q

What is an occluding barrier?

A

junctions that form a diffusion barrier

106
Q

What are the names of junctions that provide mechanical strength?

A

Anchoring and adherent junctions

107
Q

What are communicating junctions?

A

Junctions that allow movement of molecules between cells

108
Q

What do intercellular junctions do?

A

Link individual cells together into a functional unit

109
Q

What are the two types of connective tissues?

A

Loose and dense

110
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular and Irregular

111
Q

What does connective tissues play a role in?

A

Development
Growth
Homeostasis of tissues
Energy storage via fat

112
Q

What are three examples of specialised connective tissue?

A

Bone
Cartilage
Fat

113
Q

What are the three major types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

114
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Support cells
Nutrition and defence

115
Q

What draws occluding junctions together?

A

Actin filaments

116
Q

What do occluding junctions appear as?

A

Appear as a focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes

117
Q

Where are communicating junctions most often found?

A

In cardiac muscle cells as it allows free flow of ions for fast conduction of the excitatory period

118
Q

What produces the pores in communicating junctions?

A

Connexon proteins

119
Q

What is each communicating junction?

A

Each junction is a circular patch studded with several hundred pores

120
Q

What is present in adherent junctions (zonula adherens) ?

A

E-Cadherin which are catenin complex with actin filaments

121
Q

What is present in adherent junctions (desmosomes)?

A

Cadherin
Protein plaque
Intermediate filaments

IB Biology (4 decks)

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