Anatomy, Neuro, & Physiology Flashcards
What are the muscles necessary for respiration to take place?
The two primary categories are the thoracic muscles of inspiration and the abdominal muscles of expiration
What is respiration?
The process of breathing involving an exchange of gases between organism and its environment it is necessary for life itself it is also the foundation of speech.
What provides the foundation and energy for phonation?
Respiration
What are three structures that are key to adequate respiration and their role?
Lungs: the exchange of gas, trachea: helps the air travel, rib cage: supports the muscles needed for respiration
What are some of the functions of the larynx?
The larynx houses the vocal folds which vibrate to produce sound, the closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs, production of cough reflex, closure of vocal folds to build a subglottic pressure for physical tasks
What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles primarily responsible for?
For controlling sound production
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Thryoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid
How is vocal fold adduction supported?
By the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles contracting and pulling the arytenoids closer together
How is abduction supported?
It is accomplished when the posterior crocoarytenoid muscle contracts
What is the glottis?
The name of the small opening that is created when the vocal folds are abducted
What are the three layers of the vocal folds?
Epithelium, lamina propria, and vocalis muscle
How is the phonation produced?
The air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed vocal folds this builds up subglottic air pressure which eventually blows the vocal folds apart. During this process the vocal folds are set into vibration as well.
What is most critical to the vibration of the vocal folds?
The mucosal wave
What is the function of the cerebellum?
To regulate motor movement
What are the key neuroanatomical structures involved in vocalization?
Cortical areas, cerebellum, cranial nerve seven – the facial nerve, and cranial nerve 10 – the Vagus nerve
What is the Palatine process?
The portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate, it consists of two pieces of bone that grow in fuse at the midline during the fetal stage
What are the key structures involved in articulation?
The pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, and cheeks
What are the three basic types of neurons?
Motor, sensory, and interneurons
What do sensory/afferent neurons do?
Carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organize to the Brain
What do motor/efferent neurons do?
Transmit impulses away from the central nervous system
What do interneurons do?
Link neurons with other neurons (most common type of neuron in the nervous system)
What are neurons comprised of?
Cell body, dendrites, and an axon
What system are the cranial nerves a part of?
Lower motor neuron system
List all 12 cranial nerves
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Acoustic
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Spinal Accessory
- Hypoglossal
What cranial nerves are involved in speech, language and hearing?
- Sensory and motor
- Sensory and motor
- Sensory
- Sensory and motor
- Sensory and motor
- Motor
- Motor
What do the spinal nerves have to do with speech and language?
They control automatic functions such as breathing
What is the most important structure in the body for language, speech, and hearing?
The brain
What does the cerebellum regulate?
Equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements (eg. rapid speech)
What is the biggest and most important CNS structure for speech-language and hearing?
The cerebrum or cerebral cortex
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate and persons conscious behavior
What is Broca’s area responsible for?
It controls motor movements in speech production (important for production of well articulated, fluent speech)
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Integration of somesthetic sensations (pressure, pain, temperature, and touch)
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Primarily concerned with vision
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Contains two areas critical for hearing and speech: primary auditory cortex and auditory association area
What is Wernickes area primarily responsible for?
Critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language
Why is the corticobulbar tract critical to speech production?
The fibers control all voluntary movements of speech muscles (excluding respiratory muscles)
What does the arcuate fasciculus do?
Connects Broca’s with Wernickes area. Important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language production.
