Anatomy, Neuro, & Physiology

Question 0

What are the muscles necessary for respiration to take place?

Answer 0

The two primary categories are the thoracic muscles of inspiration and the abdominal muscles of expiration

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

The process of breathing involving an exchange of gases between organism and its environment it is necessary for life itself it is also the foundation of speech.

Question 2

What provides the foundation and energy for phonation?

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

What are three structures that are key to adequate respiration and their role?

Answer 3

Lungs: the exchange of gas, trachea: helps the air travel, rib cage: supports the muscles needed for respiration

Question 4

What are some of the functions of the larynx?

Answer 4

The larynx houses the vocal folds which vibrate to produce sound, the closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs, production of cough reflex, closure of vocal folds to build a subglottic pressure for physical tasks

Question 5

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles primarily responsible for?

Answer 5

For controlling sound production

Question 6

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 6

Thryoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 7

How is vocal fold adduction supported?

Answer 7

By the oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles contracting and pulling the arytenoids closer together

Question 8

How is abduction supported?

Answer 8

It is accomplished when the posterior crocoarytenoid muscle contracts

Question 9

What is the glottis?

Answer 9

The name of the small opening that is created when the vocal folds are abducted

Question 10

What are the three layers of the vocal folds?

Answer 10

Epithelium, lamina propria, and vocalis muscle

Question 11

How is the phonation produced?

Answer 11

The air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed vocal folds this builds up subglottic air pressure which eventually blows the vocal folds apart. During this process the vocal folds are set into vibration as well.

Question 12

What is most critical to the vibration of the vocal folds?

Answer 12

The mucosal wave

Question 13

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 13

To regulate motor movement

Question 14

What are the key neuroanatomical structures involved in vocalization?

Answer 14

Cortical areas, cerebellum, cranial nerve seven – the facial nerve, and cranial nerve 10 – the Vagus nerve

Question 15

What is the Palatine process?

Answer 15

The portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate, it consists of two pieces of bone that grow in fuse at the midline during the fetal stage

Question 16

What are the key structures involved in articulation?

Answer 16

The pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, and cheeks

Question 17

What are the three basic types of neurons?

Answer 17

Motor, sensory, and interneurons

Question 18

What do sensory/afferent neurons do?

Answer 18

Carry sensory impulses from the peripheral sense organize to the Brain

Question 19

What do motor/efferent neurons do?

Answer 19

Transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

Question 20

What do interneurons do?

Answer 20

Link neurons with other neurons (most common type of neuron in the nervous system)

Question 21

What are neurons comprised of?

Answer 21

Cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Question 22

What system are the cranial nerves a part of?

Answer 22

Lower motor neuron system

Question 23

List all 12 cranial nerves

Answer 23

1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Acoustic
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

Question 24

What cranial nerves are involved in speech, language and hearing?

Answer 24

5. Sensory and motor 7. Sensory and motor 8. Sensory 9. Sensory and motor 10. Sensory and motor 11. Motor 12. Motor

Question 25

What do the spinal nerves have to do with speech and language?

Answer 25

They control automatic functions such as breathing

Question 26

What is the most important structure in the body for language, speech, and hearing?

Answer 26

The brain

Question 27

What does the cerebellum regulate?

Answer 27

Equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements (eg. rapid speech)

Question 28

What is the biggest and most important CNS structure for speech-language and hearing?

Answer 28

The cerebrum or cerebral cortex

Question 29

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 29

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

Question 30

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 30

Deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate and persons conscious behavior

Question 31

What is Broca's area responsible for?

Answer 31

It controls motor movements in speech production (important for production of well articulated, fluent speech)

Question 32

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 32

Integration of somesthetic sensations (pressure, pain, temperature, and touch)

Question 33

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 33

Primarily concerned with vision

Question 34

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 34

Contains two areas critical for hearing and speech: primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

Question 35

What is Wernickes area primarily responsible for?

Answer 35

Critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language

Question 36

Why is the corticobulbar tract critical to speech production?

Answer 36

The fibers control all voluntary movements of speech muscles (excluding respiratory muscles)

Question 37

What does the arcuate fasciculus do?

Answer 37

Connects Broca's with Wernickes area. Important for verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language production.