Anatomy n Physiology Flashcards
what are isotonic contractions
they occur when the muscle changes length when it contracts and they result in limb movement
what are isotonic CONCENTRIC contractions
where the muscle contracts and shortens (e.g : bicep curls when bending the elbow from straight to fully flexed- contraction of bicep)
what are isotonic ECCENTRIC contractions
where the muscle contracts and lengthens usually in the downwards phase of a movement (e.g downward phase of a press up the tricep contracts eccentrically to slow movement)
what are isometric contractions
they occurs when the muscle stays the same length. the muscles are working to keep the join stationary.
(e.g handstand)
synovial joint
Type of joint commonly found in limbs containing a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid.
ligaments
bone to bone
tendons
muscle to bone
what does the synovial fluid do
Is produced to lubricate bones, when example, lunging to reduce friction between bones in badminton
hinge joint
joint that allows flexion and extension
ball and socket joint
Joint that allows many movements, example, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation and circumduction
musculoskeletal system
The name used to describe the muscular and skeletal system working together
Function of the skeleton
- support (rigid/ solid - keep us upright
- protection of vital organs
- movements
- structure
- mineral storage
- blood cell production
List of bones
Cranium, clavicle, scapular, carpals, humerus, radius, ulna, rib cage, sternum, vertebrae pelvis, femur, tibia, patella, fibula, talus
List muscles
Pectorals major, deltoids, abdominals, biceps, hip flexors, quadriceps, tibullus anterior, rotator cuffs, triceps, latissimus dorsi, glutinous maximus, hamstrings, gastrocnemius
respiratory system
The process of breeding in order to maintain the body with oxygen to function
pathways of air when we breath
From the mouth/nose that is filled with mucus and hair to trap dirt to the trachea down to the branches into the lungs to the connecting bronchioles into the alveoli
how do lungs work
Alveoli have lots of little air sacks (alveolus) surrounded with capillaries, which contain haemoglobin
gaseous exchange
Gas exchange takes place by diffusion, oxygen and carbon dioxide move down the concentration gradient from a high to a low concentration
when transferring between capillaries and the alveoli
inspiration
Inhalation of air occurring when we are breathing in. During inspiration, there is an increase the volume of a inhaled too along as a result of the increase of chest cavity (diaphragm contracts - moves down)
expiration
Exhalation of air when we everything out. During exploration, the volume of air in your lungs is exhaled as the volume of the chest cavity is reduced (diaphragm relaxes - moves up)
tidal volume
air taken in during normal inspiration at rest
inspiration reserve volume IRV
Extra air inspires during a deep breath (above tidal volume)
expiratory reserve volume ERV
Extra air expired during forceful breathing out (below tidal volume)
residual volume
air left in the lungs, following maximum exploration
arteries
- Oxygenated blood away from heart
- Thick, muscular elastic walls, maintain the high blood pressure
vasoconstriction
Reducing the diameter of small arteries, reduce blood flow to the tissues
vasodilation
Increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues, occurs during exercise
veins
- Deoxygenated blood back towards heart
- thinner walls
- low blood pressure
- large internal diameter (lumen)
- valves (prevent blood flow back)
capillaries
- Tiny thin-walled blood vessels joining arteries and veins
- allow gas exchange
Nutrients also diffuse from blood in capillaries and onto surrounding tissues and waste products from tissue to blood
