Anatomy: Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What is the pectoral girdle located?
Shoulder
What are the 3 main bones of the shoulder?
- scapula
- clavicle
- manubrium
What are the 4 portions of the scapula?
- coracoid process
- acromion
- spine
- glenoid fossa
Bones of the shoulder
- P: scapula (coracoid process, acromion, spine, glenoid fossa)
- Y: clavicle
- B: manubrium
What are the main bones of the arm and forearm?
- humerus (medial and lateral epicondyle)
- radius
- ulna (olecranon)
Bones of the arm and forearm
- Y: humerus (medial and lateral epicondyle)
- B: radius
- P: ulna (olecranon)
What are the main bones of the wrist?
- carpals
- 8 per hand
What are the main bones of the palm?
- metacarpals
- 5 of them
*first is lateral and associated with the thumb
*fifth is medial and associated with the pinky
What are the main bones of the fingers?
- phalanges
- 14 per hand
- proximal and distal for digit 1
- proximal, middle, and distal for digits 2-5
How many types fascia are present?
- Superficial (between dermis and deep
- Deep/investing
- Subserous
Where is superficial fascia located?
Between the dermis and deep layer of fascia
What 2 things is superficial fascia composed of?
- superficial fatty layer (hypodermis)
- membranous layer
What is deep fascia?
dense layer of CT that covers skeletal muscles (epimysium)
What does deep fascia cover?
skeletal muscle (epimysium)
What does subserous fascia anchor?
Anchors the slippery serous lining of body cavities to body wall
Examples of subserous fascia
-Endothoracic fascia: thorax
-Endoabdominal fascia: abdomen
What is the purpose of serous lining/serosa
- ensure a friction free environment
Examples of serous lining
-Pericardium: pericardial cavity
-Pleura: pleural (lung) cavities
-Peritoneum: peritoneal (abdominal) cavity
Upper Limb Compartments - anterior arm
- flexor of elbow
- musculocutaneous nerve
Upper Limb Compartments - posterior arm
- extensor of elbow
- radial nerve
Upper limb compartments: anterior forearm
- flexor of wrist and digits
- median nerve
Upper limb compartments: posterior forearm
- extensors of wrist and digits
- deep radial nerve
Upper limb compartments: hand (thenar)
- movement of thumb
- recurrent branch of median nerve
Upper limb compartments: hand (hypothenar)
- movement of little finger
- deep ulnar nerve
Upper limb compartments: hand (central, adductor, interosseous)
- movement of 1-5 digits
- deep ulnar nerve
Origin vs insertion
- origin is proximal attachment
- origin is non-mobile attachment
- insertion is distal attachment
- insertion is mobile attachment
4 types of movements at shoulder joint
- flexion and extension of the arm (humerus)
- protraction and retraction of the scapula
- abduction and adduction of the arm (humerus)
- medial and lateral rotation of the arm (humerus)
2 types of movements at elbow joint
- flexion and extension of the arm forearm
- supination and pronation of the forearm
2 types of movements at wrist joint
- flexion and extension of the hand
- ulnar (medial) and radial (lateral) deviation of the hand
4 types of movements at hand joint
- flexion and extension of metacarpophalangeal joints
- flexion and extension of interphalangeal joints
- opposition of digits 1 and 5
- abduction and adduction of the digits
What do the thoraco-appendicular (axio-appendicular) muscles attach?
- attaches the upper limb to the trunk
Function of the thoraco-appendicular (axio-appendicular) muscles?
- move and stabilize the pectoral girdle in response to movements of the shoulder joint
What are the 3 muscles of the pectoral region?
- pec major
- pec minor
- serratus anterior
Pectoralis major
Action: adducts and medially rotates arm; flexes arm
Innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
Prox attachments: sternum, medial clavicle, costal cartilages
Dis attachments: proximal humerus
Pectoralis minor
Action: protracts, depresses, stabilizes scapula
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
Prox attachments: ribs 3-5
Dis attachments: coracoid process of scapula
Serratus anterior
Action: protracts scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve
Prox attachments: ribs 1-8
Dis attachments: medial border of scapula
Deltoid (shoulder muscle)
Action: flexes and medially rotates arm (anterior fibs), abducts arm (middle fibs), extends and laterally rotates arm (posterior fibs)
Innervation: axillary nerve
Prox attachments: lateral clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Dis attachments: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What is the axilla the space between?
- arm and thorax
What does the axilla serve as a passageway for?
- all nerves and vessels that pass to/from the upper limb
6 boundaries of the axilla
- anterior: pec major and minor
- lateral: humerus
- medial: serratus anterior and ribs
- base: skin of armpit
- apex: cervico-axillar canal
- posterior: posterior thoraco-appendicular muscles and scapula
What divides the muscles of the arm into anterior (flex) and posterior (extend) compartments
Brachial fascia
*pink is anterior
*blue is posterior
*green is humerus bone
Anterior Compartment of Arm:
Actions: flexes forearm, flexes arm, supinates forearm
Muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Blood supply: brachial artery and vein
Posterior Compartment of Arm:
Actions: extends forearm, extends arm
Muscles: triceps brachii
Innervation: radial nerve
Blood supply: deep brachial artery and vein
Biceps brachii - muscle of arm
Action: supinates forearm, flexes forearm, flexes arm
Prox attachment: coracoid process of scapula (short head) supraglenoid tubercle of scapula (long head)
Dis attachment: tendon attaches to proximal radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
Brachialis - muscle of arm
Action: flexes forearm
Prox attachment: distal half of humerus
Dis attachment: proximal ulna
Coracobrachialis - muscle of arm
Action: flexion and adduction of arm (to resist dislocation)
Prox attachment: coracoid process of scapula
Dis attachment: middle third of humerus
Triceps brachii - muscle of arm
Action: extension of forearm, long head resists dislocation of humerus
Prox attachment: posterior humerus and inferior scapula
Dis attachment: olecranon of ulna
What is the cubital fossa the transition area between?
arm and forearm
What travels through the cubital fossa?
- neurovasculature
- biceps brachii tendon
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
medial: flexor compartment muscle
lateral: extensor compartment muscle
superior: imaginary line connecting medial and lateral epicondyles
floor: brachialis
roof: bicipital aponeurosis
What separates the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments?
- antebrachial fascia
*P: anterior
*B: posterior
*G: radius
*Y: ulna
Anterior compartment of forearm
Prox attachment: medial humeral epicondyle
Innervation: median nerve
Flexor retinaculum: holds tendons at the wrist
Where is carpal tunnel located?
- anterior wrist
What passes through carpal tunnel?
median nerve and tendons from anterior compartment
Posterior compartment of forearm
Prox attachment: lateral humeral epicondyle
Innervation: deep radial nerve
Extensor retinaculum: holds tendons at the wrist
Where is the anatomical snuffbox located?
Lateral wrist
What forms the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?
Tendons passing to the thumb
What separates the palm into compartments?
Palmer fascia
What is palmer aponeurosis?
Thickening of the deep fascia of the central compartment
Thenar compartment
- lateral
- flex, abduct, and oppose thumb
- recurrent branch of median nerve
Hypothenar compartment
- medial
- flex, abduct, and oppose pinky
- deep ulnar nerve
Central compartment
- tendons of anterior forearm muscles
- deep ulnar nerve
Adductor compartment
- adducts thumb
- deep ulnar nerve
Interosseous compartment
- adduct and abduct digits 2-5
- deep ulnar nerve
