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MSK > Anatomy - MSK > Flashcards

Anatomy - MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Cartilage is the fetal precursor tissue in the development of many bones; it also supports non-skeletal structures, as in the ear, larynx and tracheobronchial tree
  • Avascular, permeable to water and nutrients, flexible but weight baring, elasticity, resiliency, resistance to shear forces, slippery, poor regenerative capacity
    1. Hyaline cartilages
  • Provide support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Most abundant type
    2. Elastic cartilages
  • Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers
    3. Fibrocartilages
  • Collagen fibers—have great tensile strength
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2
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Locations: intercostals, wall of trachea and bronchii, articular cartilage of bonge, epiphyseal plate, fetal axial skeleton
-May become calcified
-Collagenous fibers
Composed of: hyaluronic acids, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, H20 (60-78%)

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3
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Composed of: hyaluronic acid, chondoitin sulfate, keratin sulfate

  • Dense collagenous fiber bundles
  • Locations: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus of knee joint, attach tendons to bone
  • resistance to compression and shear forces
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4
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Composed of; hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate

  • eleastic fibers
  • locations: external ear, walls of external auditory canal and eustachian tubes, epiglottis, larynx, bridge of nose
  • Resiliency and pliability
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5
Q

Bone

A

-It is a living, vascular form of connective tissue.
-there are 206 bones in the human skeleton.
-Its function, besides giving shape and form to our body, are:
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral and growth factor storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage.

-Two main groups, by location
Axial skeleton: centrally placed, ribs, skull, vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton: hanging off of axial

-Long bones
Longer than they are wide 
-Short bones
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)
-Flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved 
-Irregular bones
Complicated shapes, vertebra
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6
Q

Bone textures

A
  1. Compact bone is dense and is usually limited to the cortices of mature bones.
  2. Cancellous bone is a lattice of bone spicules, occurs in the ends of long bones and fills the flat and irregular bones.
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7
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bone

where they grow from

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8
Q

metaphysis

A

spongy part of bone

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9
Q

diahpysis

A

Inner part of bone

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10
Q

Periosteum

A 
Has 2 layers
-Outer fibrous layer
-Inner osteogenic layer
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
-Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
-Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
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11
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone

- Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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12
Q

Blood Supply of a long bone

A
  • One or two diaphysial nutrient artery enter the shaft obliquely through nutrient foramina, which lead into nutrient canals.
  • Site of entry and angulation is characteristically away from the dominant growing epiphysis.
  • Near the epiphysis they are joined by metaphysial and epiphyseal arteries.
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13
Q

Bone Matrix

A
  • Consists of ground substance in which numerous collagen fibres are embedded.
  • 10 to 20% of its mass is water
  • 60 to 70% is made up of inorganic, mineral salts-: microcrystalline calcium and phosphate hydroxides, hydroxyapatite.
  • Proportions vary with age, location and metabolic status.
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14
Q

Cells of bones

A

4 types:

  • Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells: Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
  • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
  • Osteoclasts: Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix
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15
Q

Compact Bone: microstructure

A

Osteon/Haversian System
-Lamellae
-Weight-bearing
-Column-like matrix tubes
-Central (Haversian) canal
-Contains blood vessels and nerves
-Canaliculi: communication between each osteocyte
-Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
At right angles to the central canal
Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
-Lacunae—small cavities that contain osteocytes
-Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

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16
Q

Microstructure of Bone: Spongy Bone

A

Trabeculae

  • Align along lines of stress
  • No osteons
  • Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
  • Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
  • No haversian system
17
Q

Two Types of Ossification

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
    - Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane
    - Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
  2. Endochondral ossification
    - Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
    - Forms most of the rest of the skeleton
18
Q

Mesenchymal ossification

A

Mesenchymal tissue becomes bone
1.Ossification centers appear in the fibrousconnective tissue membrane.
• Selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center.
2. Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies.
• Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is calcified within a few days.
• Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
3.Woven bone and periosteum form.
• Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels in a random manner. The result is a network (instead of lamellae) of trabeculae called woven bone.
• Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep tothe periosteum. Red marrow appears.
• Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, and are later replaced with mature lamellar bone, forming compact bone plates.
• Spongy bone (diploë), consisting of distinct trabeculae, per-sists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.

19
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Uses hyaline cartilage models
Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
1. Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
2.Cartilage in thecenter of the diaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
3. The periosteal bud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
4. The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
5. The epiphyses ossify. Whencompleted, hyaline cartilage remains onlyin the epiphyseal plates and articularcartilages.

20
Q

4 areas of growth

A
  1. Proliferation zone: Cartilage cells undergo
    mitosis.
  2. Hypertrophic zone: Older cartilage cells
    enlarge.
  3. Calcification zone: Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.
  4. Ossification zone: New bone formation is
    occurring.
21
Q

What controls remodeling

A

Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
Mechanical and gravitational forces

22
Q

Classification of Bone Fractures

A

Bone fractures may be classified by four “either/or” classifications:
1. Position of bone ends after fracture:
Nondisplaced—ends retain normal position
Displaced—ends out of normal alignment
2. Completeness of the break
Complete—broken all the way through
Incomplete—not broken all the way through
3. Orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone:
Linear—parallel to long axis of the bone
Transverse—perpendicular to long axis of the bone
4. Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin:
Compound (open)—bone ends penetrate the skin
Simple (closed)—bone ends do not penetrate the skin

23
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A 
-Based on amount of movement allowed by the joint
Three functional classifications:
-Synarthroses—immovable 
-Amphiarthroses—slightly movable 
-Diarthroses—freely movable
24
Q

Structural Classification of Joints

A 
-Based on material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present
Three structural classifications:
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous 
-Synovial
25
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

-Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
-No joint cavity
-Most are synarthrotic (immovable)
Three types:
-Sutures: joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock, found only in skull
-Syndesmoses: joint held together by a ligament. can very in length but longer than in sutures
-Gomphoses: periodontal ligament, holds tooth in socket

26
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

-Bones united by cartilage
-No joint cavity
Two types:
-Synchondroses :A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones ie Joint between
first rib and sternum (immovable)
-Symphyses :Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage ie vertabrae or pubic symphysis

27
Q

Synovial Joints

A

-Joints with maximum amount of movement
-All are diarthrotic
-Include all limb joints; most joints of the body
Distinguishing features:
1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
2. Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space
3. Articular (joint) capsule: Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue, Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
4. Synovial fluid: Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid, Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

28
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Bicondylar
  5. Ellipsoid
  6. Saddle
  7. Ball and Socket
29
Q

Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

A

Bursae:
-Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
-Contain synovial fluid
-Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Tendon sheath:
-Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

30
Q

3 joints of elbow

A
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Humeroradial joint
  • Radioulnar joint
31
Q

Main Muscle groups of elbow affecting ROM

A
  1. Biceps and Brachioradialis (flexion)
  2. Triceps (extension)
  3. Pronator teres (pronation)
  4. Supinator, Biceps (supination)

MSK (14 decks)

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