Anatomy module three Flashcards
Innate immunity consists of (choose all that apply)
Surface barriers
Non-specific internal defenses
Inflammation
The lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately:
120 days
Which condition can result from excessive bilirubin buildup in the bloodstream?
Jaundice
Which molecule is commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol” and contributes to plaque formation in atherosclerosis?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
The primary function of erythrocytes is to:
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hemophilia is a disorder affecting:
Blood clotting
The heme portion of hemoglobin binds to:
Oxygen
The most abundant plasma protein is:
Albumin
Blood Disorders
Which condition is characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin?
Anemia
Polycythemia refers to:
An abnormally high red blood cell count
Sickle cell anemia is caused by:
A genetic mutation in hemoglobin
The hormone that regulates red blood cell production is:
Erythropoietin
What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
Buildup of plaque in the arterial walls
The protein responsible for forming a blood clot is:
Fibrin
Which blood component is responsible for immune defense?
Leukocytes
The process of stopping blood loss is called:
Hemostasis
Hematocrit refers to:
The percentage of red blood cells in blood
Which if the FIRST form of defense against pathogens
skin
Inflammation
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Which of the following are the functions of blood?
Transport of nutrients and gases
Regulation of body temperature
Protection against infections
Which of the following are common complications of atherosclerosis?
Stroke
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypertension
Which pigment is responsible for the brown color of feces and is derived from bilirubin metabolism?
Stercobilin
Plasma is primarily composed of:
Water
Which vitamin is essential for proper blood clotting?
Vitamin K
The organ primarily responsible for removing old red blood cells from circulation is:
Spleen
Place the following steps of hemostasis in the correct order?
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
Which blood component is responsible for immune defense?
Leukocytes
Order these leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant in the blood.
__1__ Neutrophils
__2__ Lymphocytes
__3__ Monocytes
__4__ Eosinophils
__5__ Basophils
Innate immunity consists of (choose all that apply)
Surface barriers
Non-specific internal defenses
Inflammation
A key structure that helps the immune system identify ‘self’ vs. ‘non-self’
major histocompatibility complex
Match the leukocyte to its function.
Mature into macrophages when they migrate into tissues
Primary defense against bacteria
Key role in the inflammatory response. Releases histamine and heparin
B and T cells are subtypes of this cell
Primary defense against parasitic infection
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
What are the primary functions of antibodies (select all that apply)?
Activating complement system
Neutralizing toxins and pathogens
Agglutination of pathogens
Order these leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant in the blood.
__1__ Neutrophils
__2__ Lymphocytes
__3__ Monocytes
__4__ Eosinophils
__5__ Basophils
Complement protein and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the microorganism. This phenomenon is termed:
opsonization
released by virally infected cells
Interferon
cause fever
Pyrogen
triggers immune response
Antigen
mark foreign cells, non-specific
Opsonin
bind to specific antigens
Antibody
make antibodies
Plasma Cell
made in thymus, cellular immunity
T-Cells
antigen presenting cell
Dendritic Cells
part of the adaptive immune syste
t lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cell
macrophage
make antibodies
plasma cells
releases heparin during inflammation
mast cells
Which of the following is not an antigen presenting cell?
natural killer cell
The role of the major histocompatibility complex in the immune system is to:
help immune cells differentiate foreign cells from self cells
Inflammation
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Inflamed tissues are often red, hot, painful and swollen. Select all the options below that explain these symptoms (5)
hyperemia
release of interleukin-1
activation of mast cells
accumulation of exudate
increased capillary permeability
Innate immunity consists of (choose all that apply) (3)
Inflammation
Non-specific internal defenses
Surface barriers
Which cells are primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response
T cells
Which type of T cell is responsible for directly killing infected host cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is not a type of antigen presenting cell
natural killer cells
Vaccines are effective because
the secondary response of adaptive immune is faster than the primary response
All of the following are part of the innate immune system EXCEPT:
plasma cell production of antibodies
Diapedesis refers to:
neutrophils squeezing between capillaries during the inflammatory response.
The release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in response to bacterial or viral infection causes:
fever
What is the role of memory cells in adaptive immunity?
Long-term and more rapid immune response
What is the main function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
Antibody production
Match the cell type to its function
__1__memory b-cells
__2__natural killer cells
__3__dendritic cells
__4__antibodies
1.ensure that 2ndary immune response is faster
2.innate immune cells that target and destroys non-self cells
3.antigen-presenting cell
4.bind antigens
Which if the FIRST form of defense against pathogens
skin
Which of the following is NOT observed as the result of antibody binding
fever
What is the term for the enhanced response to a second exposure to an antigen?
Secondary response
Select all options that give sensory input to the brainstem for controlling respiration.
Irritant receptors in the lungs and trachea
Proprioreceptors in the musculoskeletal system
Stretch receptors in the lungs
Carotid body and aortic arch chemoreceptors
Hydrogen ion receptors in the central nervous system
What is the percent saturation of hemoglobin in venous blood of a resting person at sea level?
75%
Increased pCO2 causes a rightward shift of the hemoglobin-oxygen binding curve. This results in:
increased oxygen offloading at tissues
The response to moderately elevated pCO2 and/or elevated hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is:
increase in ventilation volume and rate
Which process moves air in and out of the lungs?
bulk flow
The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is __________ allowing gases to diffuse __________ between them.
short, rapidly
Areas of the lung that are poorly ventilated will have an:
decrease in perfusion
You cannot hold your breath until you die, because you’ll pass out and start breathing again before death. Why does this happen?
chemosensory control of breathing overrides voluntary control of breathing
An decrease in the PCO2 of air flowing through the bronchioles would cause
bronchoconstriction
On average, how many binding site have oxygen attached when hemoglobin is 75% saturated?
3
Pulmonary Surfactant
helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing and sticking to themselves.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract:
Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases
The volume of the thorax increases
Inspiration occurs
Which of the following initiates motor commands that control respiration
ventral respiratory group
Air moves out of the lungs because
the diaphragm relaxes and the alveoli and ribcage passively recoil
Most (~70%) of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
A person comes to the hospital and the pulse oximeter measures that hemoglobin is ~75% saturated in arterial blood. What is the PO2 of oxygen in this person’s blood, assuming that they have a normal oxygen binding curve?
50 mm Hg
True or False At an equal atmospheric pressure, equal amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen will dissolve in water
False
Pleural fluid
helps the parietal and visceral pleura stick to each other
True or False Oxygen is more soluble in water than carbon dioxide
False
Which of the following mechanisms lead to bronchoconstriction:
Increased level of histamine
Increased parasympathetic activation
Decreased levels of carbon dioxide in exhaled air
Inhalation of respiratory irritants
True or False The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in exhaled air is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inhaled air.
True
True or False The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
False
Most of the smooth muscle in the airway is found here:
bronchioles
A person comes to the hospital and the pulse oximeter measures that hemoglobin is ~50% saturated in arterial blood. What is the PO2 of oxygen in this person’s blood, assuming that they have a normal oxygen binding curve?
25 mm Hg
The cells are the main structural component of the alveoli and are where gas exchange occur
Type 1 alveolar cells
A person takes a drug that inhibits the function of carbonic anhydrase. Predict the effect on bicarbonate concentration in the blood plasma
Decreased bicarbonate concentration
A disease that results in increased airway resistance
asthma
Which mechanisms does the body use to transport carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Converted to bicarbonate
Dissolved in plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
