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Anatomy Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

During filling the pressure in the atria is ___________ than the ventricles

A

higher

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2
Q

The overarching order of events in the cardiac cycle is:

A

__4__ Blood flow
__2__ Cardiac Muscle Contraction
__1__ Electrical conducting system and Cardiac Muscle Excitation
__3__ Pressure changes

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3
Q

Match EKG events to electrical events in the heart Atrial depolarization (excitation)

A

P-wave

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4
Q

Ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

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5
Q

Atrial repolarization

A

QRS complex

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6
Q

Ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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7
Q

period of lack of electrical activity

A

isoelectric line

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8
Q

Pressure in the ventricles is ___________ than the atria during ventricular relaxation

A

lower

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9
Q

True or False: The papillary muscle contract together with the rest of the ventricular muscle

A

True

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10
Q

Activated to increase activity of the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Craniosacral in origin

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

Short preganglionic nerves

A

sympathetic

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13
Q

This structure provides concious input to the autonomic nervous system.

A

Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Targets adrenergic receptors

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

Has pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

This structure has direct control over autonomic functions, often via neurally based reflex arcs

A

Brain stem

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17
Q

Would lead to bronchodilation

A

sympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

Activated to speed up heart rate

A

sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

Causes widespread vasoconstriction

A

sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

The driving force of blood flow is a(n) __________ gradient.

A

pressure

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21
Q

During the filling of the atria and ventricles

A

AV valves are open

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22
Q

Order these structures for conveying electrical signals through the heart.

A

__5__ left and right bundle branches
__7__ ventricular muscle
__1__ sinoatrial node

__3__ atrioventricular node

__6__ Purkinje fibers

__2__ atrial muscle

__4__ bundle of His

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23
Q

Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through.

A

__6__ lungs
__9__ left atrioventricular valve
__4__ pulmonary semilunar valve
__10__ left ventricle
__2__ right atrioventricular valve
__7__ pulmonary veins
__11__ aortic semiluar valve
__5__ pulmonary arteries
__3__ right ventricle
__1__ right atrium
__8__ left atrium
__12__ aorta

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24
Q

Match the EKG abnormality to it’s underlying malfunction SA node is non functional

A

Junctional Rhythm

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25
Q

AV node only conducts some of the SA node excitations.

A

2nd degree heart block

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26
Q

The electrical activity on the heart is completely disorganized and follows no pattern.

A

Fibrillation

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27
Q

The best definition of end diastolic volume is:

A

the volume of blood in the ventricles after ventricular relaxation

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28
Q

Which term defines the following: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

A

cardiac output

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29
Q

Select all of the following choices that can result in increased contractility

A

Increased Epinephrine levels and Increased sympathetic activation

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30
Q

Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation causing increased heart rate

A

beta-1 adrenergic

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31
Q

This structure transmits parasympathetic motor signals to the heart

A

vagus nerve

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32
Q

Which of the following factors most likely explains lowered end systolic volume

A

increased myocardial contractility

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33
Q

If you remove autonomic control of the heart from a person at rest, what will happen:

A

heart rate will slow down

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34
Q

Which of the following best explains the molecular mechanism underlying the Frank-Starling law of the heart.

A

Increased intracellular calcium in myocardial cells enhances contraction force

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35
Q

Select all of the following choices that can result in increased heart rate

A

Increased sympathetic activation and Increased Norepinephrine levels

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36
Q

This structure transmits sympathetic motor signals to the heart

A

cardiac nerve plexus

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37
Q

This structure transmits visceral sensory signals from the heart to the brain

A

vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

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38
Q

Which term defines the following: the volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat

A

stroke volume

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39
Q

Contractility is best defined as

A

the force of myocardial contraction, independent of end diastolic volume

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40
Q

According to the FRANK-STARLING Law of the Heart:

A
  • Greater ventricular stretch results in greater stroke volume
  • Longer myocardial fibers result in more cross bridges which results in greater contractile force
  • Greater ventricular end diastolic volume result in greater force of myocardial contraction
    *Greater stretch equal more blood expelled
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41
Q

In which situation would the stroke volume be the smallest?

A

when the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is small

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42
Q

True or False: When using the respiratory pump, decreased intrathoracic pressure helps to lower pressure in the vena cavae resulting in increased venous return.

A

True

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43
Q

The best definition of end systolic volume is:

A

the volume of blood in the ventricles after ventricular contraction

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44
Q

Which term defines the following: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute

A

cardiac output

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45
Q

Select all of the following choices that can result in increased contractility

A

Increased Epinephrine levels

Increased sympathetic activation

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46
Q

Select all of the following choices that can result in increased stroke volume

A

Contraction of skeleton muscles surrounding large veins

Increased sympathetic activation

Increased function of the respiratory pump

Constriction of smooth muscle around veins

Increased Epinephrine levels

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47
Q

Select all of the following choices that can result in increased heart rate

A

Increased sympathetic activation

Increased Norepinephrine levels

48
Q

Type your answer below. Do not include units.

If the HR is 70 bpm and the SV is 60 mL, the cardiac output would be exactly equal to:

A

___4200___

49
Q

In which situation would the stroke volume be the smallest?

A

when the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is small

50
Q

Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation causing decreased heart rate

A

muscarinic

51
Q

Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation of contractility

A

beta-1 adrenergic

52
Q

If capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than normal, you might expect

A

increased filtration at capillary beds

53
Q

The force exerted by plasma proteins helping to pull water towards the blood

A

colloid osmotic pressure

54
Q

Body-wide vasodilation occurs because

A

an decrease in sympathetic output

55
Q

This type of blood vessel is low pressure and has valves that prevent backwards flow

56
Q

Baroreceptor for monitoring mean arterial pressure are found in the:

A

carotid body and aorta

57
Q

This type of blood vessel has the highest pressure

58
Q

Contraction of the smooth muscle surround arterioles results in

A

vasoconstriction

59
Q

The blood vessels primarily responsible for total peripheral vascular resistance

A

arterioles

60
Q

Which of the following factors influence flow of blood.

A

blood pressure

blood vessel length

blood viscosity

vascular resistance

blood vessel radius

61
Q

True or False: Filtration is typically greater than absorption at capillary beds over the course of a day.

62
Q

When tissues are metabolically inactive (at rest):

A

precapillary sphincters contract, reducing blood flow to the tissue

63
Q

The force exerted by blood pressure helping to push water out of blood vessels

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

When oxygen levels in a tissue drop:

A

precapillary sphincters relax, increasing blood flow to the tissue

65
Q

True or False: Filtration and absorption at capillary beds are typically equal over the course of a day.

66
Q

This layer is generally the thickest in the vessel where it if found

A

vascular smooth muscle

67
Q

This type of blood vessel has the lowest pressure

68
Q

This type of blood vessels is primarily responsible for generating ‘resistance’.

A

arterioles

69
Q

This structures is the open center of blood vessels where blood flows

70
Q

This layer is found in all blood vessels

A

endothelium

71
Q

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral vascular resistance except one. Identify the exception.

A

vasodilation

72
Q

Choose the factor that causes an increase in vascular resistance.

A

vasoconstriction

73
Q

In a given day, there is more fluid filtered than absorbed, potentially resulting in a excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces in the body. how does the body prevent this?

A

the lymphatic system collects excess fluid and returns it to circulation

74
Q

How do the precapillary sphincters and the vessels they control respond to increased metabolism in the tissues they perfuse?

A

relax

shunt blood towards the tissue

vasodilate

75
Q

Increased viscosity results in:

A

increased vascular resistance and increased blood pressure

76
Q

Body-wide vasodilation occurs because

A

an decrease in sympathetic output

77
Q

If the concentration of albumin is lower than normal, you might expect

A

increased filtration at capillary beds

78
Q

Contraction of the smooth muscle surround arterioles results in

A

vasoconstriction

79
Q

Increased blood vessel length results in:

A

increased vascular resistance and increased blood pressure

80
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls _____ functions

A

VISCERAL/SUBCONCIOUS

81
Q

All preganglionic autonomic neurons release _____ at autonomic ganglia

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

82
Q

The location of cell bodies of the parasympathetics is:

A

CRANIOSACRAL

83
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ______ onto target tissues

A

NOREPINPHRINE/EPINPHRINE

84
Q

Do postganglionic autonomics have a myelin sheath

85
Q

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ onto target tissues

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

86
Q

The adrenal medulla is allied with the SYMPATHETICS and releases these two chemicals as
hormones:_____

A

NOREPINPHRINE and EPINPHRINE

87
Q

ADRENERGIC receptors are targets of the sympathetic nervous system and include the
following subtypes:

A

1) alpha 1
2) alpha 2
3) beta 1
4) beta 2
5) beta 3

88
Q

______receptors are found in autonomic ganglia while MUSCARINIC receptors are found on
target organs of the parasympathetic ANS

89
Q

T or F: The cerebral cortex can exert conscious control over the autonomic nervous system.

90
Q

Blood leaving the right ventricle passes the ______ valve and then enters the
________trunk and ______ arteries

A

PULMONARY x3

91
Q

These two structures CHORDAE TENDINAE and PAPILLARY MUSCLES attach to the
atrioventricular valves and prevent the valve flaps from

A

VERTING/PUSHING INTO THE ATRIA

92
Q

The movement of the valves (opening and closing) in the heart is driven by

93
Q

Signal from the sinoatrial node reaches the atrioventricular node by traveling through the

A

ATRIAL MUSCLE

94
Q

In a second degree heart block, this node fails to fire occasionally

95
Q

The 2nd heart sounds occurs when:

A

SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE

96
Q

During the isovolumetric contraction, the valves are:

97
Q

If left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure, blood flows from the _____ to the
_____

A

ATRIUM

VENTRICLE

98
Q

A heart rate of 80 bpm with a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat would result in a cardiac output of:

A

4000 mL/min

99
Q

An increase in end diastolic volume with no change in end systolic volume will result in an
_______in stroke volume

100
Q

Name the three mechanisms that lead to an increase in venous return:

A

1) CONTRACTION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE ON VEINS
2) CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE SURROUNDING VEINS
3) RESPIRATORY PUMP

101
Q

A DECREASE in end systolic volume is achieved by an increase in ______ of the
myocardium. This will increase stroke volume.

A

CONTRACTILITY

102
Q

Activation of the ____nervous system will result in increased contractility.

A

SYMPATHETIC

103
Q

This ion is KEY in determining the contractile force of the myocardium:

104
Q

The myocardium is supplied by the following special circulation:

105
Q

The _____ circulation supplies the heart muscle while the SYSTEMIC circulation supplies
the rest of the body while the PULMONARY CIRCULATION connects the heart to the lungs..

106
Q

Name two major differences between arteries and veins

A

Amount of elastic material and
smooth muscle

107
Q

The VASO VASORUM supplies blood and nervous connection to blood vessels, particularly the
tunica _____

108
Q

Most blood vessels are only supplied by this part of the autonomic nervous system:

A

SYMPATHETIC

109
Q

Name the three types of capillaries, rank them in terms of flow rate across the endotheliaum
and give one example of a organ where each is found

A

Continuous – slow, skin/muscle/brain/lungs
Fenestrated – moderate, kidney/intestines/glands
Sinusoid – high, liver/spleen/bone marrow/adrenal medulla

110
Q

Name the 4 processes by which fluids move across all types of capillaries

A

DIFFUSION, BULK FLOW (CLEFTS), BULK FLOW (FENSTRATIONS), PINOCYTOSIS

111
Q

The main force (pressure) driving filtration is

A

CHP while the main force driving absorption is:
COP

112
Q

This molecule is responsible for generating most of the osmotic pressure in the blood.

113
Q

A tissue with high levels of oxygen would have blood shunted TOWARDS or AWAY

114
Q

A tissue with high levels of carbon dioxide would have blood shunted TOWARDS or AWAY

115
Q

Name three variables that influence peripheral vascular resistance and explain how they do so

A

Viscosity – high viscosity = increased resistance.
Radius – small diameter = increased resistance
Length – long vessels = increased resistance

116
Q

True or False: A blood pressue of 150 / 100 is ‘normal

117
Q

Name 5 factors that can cause hypertension. For each, name the physiological mechanism that
links the factor to blood pressure.

A

Stress – Cardiac Output
Obsesity – vessel length – resistance
Atherosclerosis – reduced vessel diameter – resistance
Diabetes – increased blood viscocity
Volume Overload (several diseases, often renal-realted) – increase total blood volume –
blood pressue

Anatomy (2 decks)

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