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Anatomy Midterm Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

(BACTERIA)

Why does an esthetician study bacteria?

A
  • Teaches importance of sanitization and sterilization.
  • Understand how disease may be transferred or prevented.
  • The ability to recognize signs of infection.
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2
Q

(BACTERIA)

The 2 classifications of bacteria (explain)

A

Non-Pathogenic (beneficial or harmless)

  • Majority of bacteria, causes no harm or disease.
  • Useful functions: decomposing refuse. used to make cheese & yogurt & stimulates immune systems.

Pathogenic (capable of causing disease, is harmful)

  • Minority of bacteria.
  • Important to clean & disinfect to avoid the spread.
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3
Q

(BACTERIA)

Active or Vegetative Bacteria (explain)

A
  • Bacteria grows and reproduces.
  • Multiply best in warm, damp, dark & dirty places.
  • Reproduce fast in favorable conditions.
  • When growth limit is reached, the bacteria cell divides into 2.
  • As many as 16 million germs develop from 1 bacteria in half a day.
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4
Q

(BACTERIA)

Inactive or Spore forming Bacteria (explain)

A
  • Spores are not harmed by disinfectants, heat or cold.
  • Usually Bacilli
  • Certain bacteria form spherical shapes spores with tough outer cover to withstand famine, disease and unsuitable conditions.
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5
Q

(BACTERIA)

The 6 signs of infection

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Fever
  • Pus
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6
Q

(BACTERIA)

The body’s 1st line of defense

A
  • Healthy skin
  • Mucous membranes in the nose and mouth (sneezing and coughing)
  • Acidic gastric juices (bile in the intestine)
  • Tears
  • Ear wax
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7
Q

(BACTERIA)

The body’s 2nd line of defense

A
  • Inflammation

- WBC’s destroy harmful bacteria in the bloodstream & tissues

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8
Q

(BACTERIA)

The body’s 3rd line of defense

A
  • Antibody production (pus contains antibodies)

- Molecules created in response to antigens (disease causing agents)

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9
Q

(BACTERIA)

What is Congenital Immunity?

A
  • Present at birth (inherited)

- Antibodies that occur naturally without antigen stimulation

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10
Q

(BACTERIA)

What is Acquired Immunity?

A
  • Obtained after birth

- May be active or passive

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11
Q

(BACTERIA)

Sources of Infection

A
  • Unclean hands
  • Unclean implements
  • Open & infected sores
  • Nose and mouth discharge
  • Common use of cups and towels
  • Coughing, sneezing and spitting
  • Contaminated containers
  • Garbage
  • Numerous bacteria on skin, body openings and clothing
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12
Q

(BACTERIA)

Explain Contraindication

A

Treatments that could cause harmful or negative side effects to those who have medical or skin conditions.

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13
Q

(BACTERIA)

The 3 types of Pathogenic Bacteria

A
  • Cocci (round)
  • Bacilli (rod shaped)
  • Spirilla (corkscrew)
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14
Q

(BACTERIA)

What is a local infection?

A
  • Indicated by a boil or pimple

- Confined to one area

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15
Q

(BACTERIA)

What is a general infection?

A
  • Blood stream carries the bacteria to all parts of the body
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16
Q

(BACTERIA)

Which Bacteria is immobile?

A 
The Cocci
(they do not have hair-like extensions)
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17
Q

(CELLS)

Why do estheticians study cells?

A
  • To understand how all living things are made from cells
  • To understand cell structures and functions
  • To understand metabolism and reproduction
  • To understand different types of tissues and their functions
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18
Q

(CELLS)

How do cells differ?

A
  • Shape
  • Size
  • Structure
  • Function
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19
Q

(CELLS)

What are the function of cells?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Respiration
  • Excretion
  • Movement
  • Sensitivity
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20
Q

(CELLS)

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Borders (separates from others and prevents contents from leaking)
  • Receives communications
  • Transports and controls (prevents entry and controls what comes in and out of the cell)
  • Produces immunity and defends against microbes and other harmful agents
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21
Q

(CELLS)

What are the functions of the nucleus

A
  • Dictates the structure (what it looks like) and function (what it does)
  • Determines heredity and growth
  • Controls metabolism (how the body uses food) and certain types of movement (active transport)
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22
Q

(CELLS)

What are the functions of the cytoplasm?

A
  • Carries on metabolism (cells digestive system & energy supply)
  • Intracellular transportation (cells inner circulatory system)
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23
Q

(CELLS)

How many processes does the metabolism have? And what are they?

A

2 processes

Anabolism (create)
Catabolism (breakdown)

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24
Q

(CELLS)

What is the anabolism process?

A

Anabolism (create)

  • Breaking down of cellular tissue
  • A rebuilding or synthesis process
  • Uses energy during synthesis
  • Primary role in protein metabolism
  • Secondary Role in lipid/CHO metabolism
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25
(CELLS) What is the catabolism process?
Catabolism (breakdown) - Breaking down of cellular tissue - Decomposition or Destructive process - Releases energy during decomposition - Primary role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - Secondary role in protein metabolism
26
(CELLS) The 3 food groups
- Proteins - Lipids or fats - Carbohydrates (CHO)
27
(CELLS) What are the two types of cell reproduction?
- Mitosis | - Meiosis
28
(CELLS) What is Mitosis?
- Occurs in mature cells - Indirect division - Asexual - Hair & skin cells - 46 chromosomes - Identical to parents
29
(CELLS) What is Meiosis?
- Occurs in immature cells - Reduction division - Sexual - Male & female sex cells - 23 chromosomes - Not identical to parents
30
(CELLS) The 5 body tissue types
- Connective tissue - Muscle tissue - Epithelial tissue - Nervous tissue - Liquid tissue
31
(CELLS) What is homeostasis?
The cells, tissues, glands, organs & systems are working in harmony with themselves.
32
(SKIN) What does dermatology mean?
The study of skin.
33
(SKIN) What are the 3 layers of the skin?
- Epidermis - Dermis - Subcutaneous
34
(SKIN) Layers of the epidermis
Stratum Corneum - dead cells, exfoliation will remove this layer, water resistant Stratum Lucidum (not on every part of the body) - keratinization accelerates in this layer Stratum Granulosum - outermost of the living layers, cells stop dividing and produce large amounts of keratin Stratum Spinosum - largest layer, contains langerhans cells Stratum Germinativum - undergoing mitosis, merkel cells are present, contains melanocytes
35
(SKIN) Layers of the dermis
Papillary - small cone like projections pointed upward into the dermis, form ridges on the surface of the skin Reticular - Innermost layer, contains reticulum (a network of fibres), abundant supply of blood vessels
36
(SKIN) Layers of the subcutaneous
``` Areolar - loose ordinary connective tissue - Stretchy, lots of collagen Adipose - fat throughout the body (amount of fat depends on age, sex, general health, diet & hereditary) ```
37
(SKIN) What layer is skin colour made? What are the 2 pigments?
- Stratum germinativum (contains melanocytes) | - Melanin & Carotene
38
(SKIN) 3 factors of melanin production
- Hereditary - Sunlight - Hormone change
39
(SKIN) 3 classifications of nerve skin glands
``` Sebaceous glands (oil) - Maintains acid mantle, prevents excessive water absorption & evaporation Sudoriferous glands (sweat) - Maintains homeostasis of body temperature, acts as an excretory organ (H2O, sodium chloride (salt) and other substances) Ceruminous glands (ear wax) ```
40
(SKIN) 2 ways our body maintains body temperature
- Blood volume to skin | - Sensible persperation
41
(SKIN) Active sweat glands are increased by...
- Environmental heat - Exercise - Emotions - Certain drugs - Temperature increases due to illness - Hormones (hot flashes) - Food (caffeine, spicy foods)
42
(SKIN) What are the 2 sweat glands called?
- Apocrine (scent) | - Eccrine (normal sweat glands)`
43
(SKIN) What are some changes to skin due to age?
- Increased fragility of blood vessels (bruise easily) - Loss of elasticity (wrinkles) - Cells replace slower - Pale, thin & dry skin - Changes in the glands and small blood vessels
44
(SKIN) What does Zinc (Zn) contribute?
- Wound repair - Immune system function - Skin & Acne healing
45
(SKIN) Benefits of vitamin C
- Help form collagen | - Immune system production
46
(SKIN) Benefits of vitamin D
- The Sunshine Vitamin - Synthesizes sunlight in the skin - Calcium absoption - Mineralization of bone - Immune function
47
(SKIN) Reticular Layer contains...
- Fat cells - Blood vessels - Lymph vessels - Oil glands - Sweat glands - Hair follicles - Arrector pili muscles - Nerves
48
(SKIN) What are merkle cells?
- Found in the stratum germinativum - Sensitive to touch - Release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings when compressed
49
(SKIN) What do langerhans cells do?
- Participate in immune response | - Fix and process cutaneous antigens
50
(HAIR) The 3 phases of hair growth
- Anagen (growth) - Catagen (transitional) - Telogen (resting)
51
(HAIR) What are the functions of hair?
Protection - lashes, brows, inside ear & nose hairs, prevents entry of germs Sensory reception - Hair follicles are surrounded by sensory nerves that respond to pressure in the hair shaft
52
(HAIR) What influences hair growth?
- Race - Heredity - Age - Sex - Body region - Season - Hormones - Nutrition - Medication - Illness - Stress levels
53
(HAIR) The hair shaft and it's layers
Cuticle - outer layer, holds cortex together and gives elasticity Cortex - Close to the center, melanin granules found in layer Medulla - Center of shaft, may be absent in fine hairs
54
(HAIR) Functions of the sebaceous gland
- Lubricates hair - Protects - Keeps hair soft & pliant - Prevents excessive water absorption and evaporation - Lessens heat loss
55
(HAIR) Outer root sheath (describe)
- Lies farthest from the hair shaft - Houses several types of stem cells that supply a follicle with new cells - Responsible for wound healing
56
(HAIR) Inner root sheath (describe)
- Lies closest to the hair shaft | - Cells interlink to help secure hair within the follicle
57
(HAIR) The germinal matrix of the hair
- Living and reproducing part of hair & nails | - AKA "hair matrix" or "hair germ cells"
58
(HAIR) Where & how is colour made in the hair?
Melanin granules are found in the cortex of the hair shaft
59
(HAIR) What stages of life does hair growth change for females?
- Puberty - Pregnancy - Menopause
60
(HAIR) How much does hair grow in a month?
One half inch
61
(HAIR) Where does hair NOT grow?
- Soles of feet | - Palms of hands

Anatomy (2 decks)

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