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physiology > anatomy (midterm 2) > Flashcards

anatomy (midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A

-support and protection
-movement
-storage of mineral and energy preserves
-hematopoiesis

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2
Q

what are the five connective tissue of bones?

A

-bone
-blood
-cartilage
-fat(loose adipose)
-ligaments and tendons(mostly dense regular)

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3
Q

what are the 4 bone classifications?

A

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones

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4
Q

what do flat bones consist of?

A

flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone that is packed in between two thin layers of compact bone

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5
Q

what are the major 2 components of bone?

A

compact bone (external surface)
spongy bone(internal surface)

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6
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

-knobby and enlarged structures found at the end of long bones
-strengthens joints
-attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

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7
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft of long bones

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8
Q

what is the metaphysis?

A

region between diaphysis and epiphysis
-contains the epiphyseal(growth plate)

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9
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

connective tissue that covers the external surfaces of bones
-acts as an anchor for blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

covers most internal surfaces of bones

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11
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells

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12
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

cells that build the bone

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13
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

detect mechanical stress on a bone

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14
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

bone dissolvers, release Ca+

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15
Q

what is a tuberosity?

A

large rounded projection, may be roughened

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16
Q

what is a crest?

A

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

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17
Q

what is a trochanter?

A

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on the femur)

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18
Q

what is a line?

A

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

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19
Q

what is a tubercle?

A

small rounded projection or process

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20
Q

what is a epicondyle?

A

raised area on or above a condyle

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21
Q

what is a spine?

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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22
Q

what is a process?

A

any bone prominence

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23
Q

what is a head?

A

bony expansion on a narrow neck

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24
Q

what is a faucet?

A

smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

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25
Q

what is a condyle?

A

rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding faucet

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26
Q

what is a fissure?

A

narrow, slit like, opening

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27
Q

what is a foramen?

A

round or oval opening through a bone

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28
Q

what is a meatus?

A

channel-like passageway

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29
Q

what is a fossa?

A

shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

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30
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

upper and lower limbs

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31
Q

what are girdles?

A

bones which attach these limbs to the axial skeleton

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32
Q

what makes up the pectoral girdle and what does it do?

A

-comprised of the scapula and the clavical
-articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs

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33
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with?

A

the scapula and the sternum

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34
Q

what are the main parts of the scapula?

A

glenoid cavity:articulates with the humerus
posterior bony ridge=spine
lateral=acromion process
anterior projection=caracoid process

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35
Q

what is the upper limb made up of?

A

humerus(brachium)
radius and ulna(antebrachium)
-carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

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36
Q

what are the humerus proximal features?

A

head:articulates with the scapula
greater tubercle:form the rounded shoulder contour
intertubercular sulcus: passage of biceps, brachii tendon, and muscle attachment

37
Q

what are the humerus distal features?

A

-deltoid tuberosity
-medial and lateral epicondyle

38
Q

what are the main parts of the radius?

A

head:articulates with the humerus
radial tuberosity:attachment of biceps brachii
styloid process:lateral wrist bump

39
Q

what are the main parts of the ulna?

A

olecranon:forms the elbow bump, attachments of triceps brachii
styloid process:posterial medial wrist bump

40
Q

how many bones are in the carpals?

A

8

41
Q

explain how the metacarpals are numbered?

A

labeled lateral to medial, (I-V)

42
Q

how many phalanges are their in each hand?

A

14

43
Q

what does the pelvis consist of?

A

the right and left oscoxae and the sacrum

44
Q

what does the oscoxae articulate with?

A

1.anteriorly with the other oscoxae
2.posteriorly with the sacrum
3.laterally with the femur

45
Q

what are the main parts of the oscoxae?

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis

46
Q

what are the main features of the ilium?

A

iliac crest: along superior border
iliac spines: (anterior/posterior, superior/inferior) projections along iliac crest
muscle attachments

47
Q

what are the ischium features?

A

ischial tuberosity: supports weight of body when seated; origin for deep gluteal muscles and hamstrings

48
Q

what are the pubis features?

A

makes up the anterior, inferior region of oscoxae

49
Q

what are the proximal features of the femur?

A

head: articulates with the right and left oscoxae
neck:allows movement of the femur(range of motion)
greater and lesser trochanters:muscle attachment
gluteal tuberosity: posterior rough region(attachment of gluteal muscle)

50
Q

what are the distal features of the femur?

A

medial and lateral condyles:both articulate with tibia

51
Q

is the tibia or fibula medial?

A

tibia

52
Q

what connects the tibia and fibula?

A

interosseour membrane (webbing)

53
Q

what are the features of the tibia?

A

medial and lateral condyles:articulate with the condyles of the femur
tibial tuberosity:anterior, inferior to condyle, muscle attachment
medial malleolus: medial bump on the ankle

54
Q

what is the purpose of the fibula?

A

does not bare any weight, only for lateral stability to ankle

55
Q

how many tarsals are in the foot?

A

7 ankle bones

56
Q

how many metatarsals are in the foot?

A

5

57
Q

how many phalanges are in the foot and how are they numbered?

A

14 phalanges
numbered medial to lateral (I-V)

58
Q

how many cranial and facial bones are there?

A

8 cranial bones (direct contact with brain)
14 facial bones (no contact with brain)

59
Q

what are the features of the cranial bones?

A

-attachment of meninges and muscles
-chambers
-housing glands
-articulation sites

60
Q

what are the processes of the temporal bone?

A

styloid process:attachment for muscles of tongue and larynx
zygomatic process:joins zygomatic bone
mandibular fossa:articulates with mandible
external acoustic meatus: opening to auditory canal

61
Q

what are the features of the occipital bone?

A

occipital condyles:articulate with vertebrae
foramen magnum: passage of the spinal cord

62
Q

what are the 4 sutures in the cranium?

A

coronal: between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal: between parietal bones
lambdoid: between occipital and parietal bones
squamous: between parietal and temporal bones

63
Q

what are the features of the sphenoid bone?

A

-articulates with all cranial bones
sella turcica: houses the pituitary gland, helps form sphenoid sinuses

64
Q

what are the features of the ethmoid bone?

A

crista galli: helps support brain
perpendicular plate: forms inner superior architecture of the nose
ethmoidal sinuses: open into nasal cavity

65
Q

what are the functions of the bones of the face?

A

-shape the face
-form part of orbital and nasal cavities
-support the teeth
-muscle attachment

66
Q

what are the zygomatic bones and what do they articulate with?

A

-cheekbones
-articulate with temporal and frontal bone

67
Q

what are the palatine and vomer bones?

A

vomer: triangular shape, helps form nasal septum
palatine:2 L-shaped bones that form part of the nasal cavity, hard palates, eye orbits

68
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

are filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity for:
-mucous lining humidifies and warms inhaled air
-lightens skull
-resonant chambers for sound production while speaking

69
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

located between the mandible and larynx
“floating”
-primarily for muscle attachments

70
Q

what are the cervical vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?

A

-generally smaller and used for movement
-7 bones form neck

71
Q

what are the thoracic vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?

A

-medium sized, costal facets on body and transverse process (articulates for ribs and protection)
-12 bones form back

72
Q

what are the lumbar vertebrae functions and how many bones?

A

-large to support more body weight
-5 bones

73
Q

what are the features of the individual vertebrae?

A

-vertebral arch and body form vertebral foramen(passage of spinal cord)
-spinous process: projects posteriorly
-transverse process: lateral projections

74
Q

what are the first two vertebrae and what do they do?

A

C1=atlas (articulate with occipital condyles)
C2=axis(allows for rotation of skull)

75
Q

how many bones does the sacrum vertebrae have?

A

5 vertebrae fused into 1

76
Q

how many bones are in the coccyx?

A

(tailbone)
-4 bones fused into 1

77
Q

what is the purpose of the thoracic cage?

A

protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs

78
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

79
Q

what is synarthrosis?

A

immobile

80
Q

what is amphiarthrosis?

A

slightly mobile

81
Q

what is diarthrosis?

A

freely mobile

82
Q

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

-gomphoses:teeth (synarthrosis)
-sutures:between skull bones (synarthrosis)
-syndesmoses:between parallel bones in forearm and leg (amphiarthrosis)

83
Q

what are the two cartilaginous joints?

A

-synchondroses:bones joined by hyaline (synarthrosis)
-symphyses:bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (amphiarthroses)

84
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

-diarthroses
-articulating bones seperated by a joint cavity
-surrounded by articular capsule

85
Q

what are the main structures of synovial joints?

A

-articular cartilage
-joint cavity
-synovial fluid
-ligaments
-sensory nerves
-blood vessels

86
Q

what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

A

-bursae(sacs outside most synovial joints)
-tendon sheaths(elongated bursae around tendons)
-fat pads(provide protection)

87
Q

what are the 6 classifications of synovial joints?

A

-plane
-hinge
-pivot
-condylar
-saddle
-ball and socket

88
Q

what are the 4 types of movement?

A

-gliding motion
-angular motion
-rotational motion
-special movements

89
Q

what are the types of angular motions?

A

-flexion (decreasing the angle)
-extension (increasing the angle to normal)
-hyperextension (increasing the angle beyond normal)
-abduction (moving limb away from the midline)
-adduction ( moving limb toward the midline)
-circumduction (moving limb in circular motion)

physiology (4 decks)

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