anatomy (midterm 2) Flashcards
what are the functions of bone?
-support and protection
-movement
-storage of mineral and energy preserves
-hematopoiesis
what are the five connective tissue of bones?
-bone
-blood
-cartilage
-fat(loose adipose)
-ligaments and tendons(mostly dense regular)
what are the 4 bone classifications?
-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones
what do flat bones consist of?
flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone that is packed in between two thin layers of compact bone
what are the major 2 components of bone?
compact bone (external surface)
spongy bone(internal surface)
what is the epiphysis?
-knobby and enlarged structures found at the end of long bones
-strengthens joints
-attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
what is the diaphysis?
elongated, cylindrical shaft of long bones
what is the metaphysis?
region between diaphysis and epiphysis
-contains the epiphyseal(growth plate)
what is the periosteum?
connective tissue that covers the external surfaces of bones
-acts as an anchor for blood vessels and nerves
what is the endosteum?
covers most internal surfaces of bones
what are osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells
what are osteoblasts?
cells that build the bone
what are osteocytes?
detect mechanical stress on a bone
what are osteoclasts?
bone dissolvers, release Ca+
what is a tuberosity?
large rounded projection, may be roughened
what is a crest?
narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
what is a trochanter?
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on the femur)
what is a line?
narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
what is a tubercle?
small rounded projection or process
what is a epicondyle?
raised area on or above a condyle
what is a spine?
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
what is a process?
any bone prominence
what is a head?
bony expansion on a narrow neck
what is a faucet?
smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface
what is a condyle?
rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding faucet
what is a fissure?
narrow, slit like, opening
what is a foramen?
round or oval opening through a bone
what is a meatus?
channel-like passageway
what is a fossa?
shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
what is the appendicular skeleton?
upper and lower limbs
what are girdles?
bones which attach these limbs to the axial skeleton
what makes up the pectoral girdle and what does it do?
-comprised of the scapula and the clavical
-articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs
what does the clavicle articulate with?
the scapula and the sternum
what are the main parts of the scapula?
glenoid cavity:articulates with the humerus
posterior bony ridge=spine
lateral=acromion process
anterior projection=caracoid process
what is the upper limb made up of?
humerus(brachium)
radius and ulna(antebrachium)
-carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
what are the humerus proximal features?
head:articulates with the scapula
greater tubercle:form the rounded shoulder contour
intertubercular sulcus: passage of biceps, brachii tendon, and muscle attachment
what are the humerus distal features?
-deltoid tuberosity
-medial and lateral epicondyle
what are the main parts of the radius?
head:articulates with the humerus
radial tuberosity:attachment of biceps brachii
styloid process:lateral wrist bump
what are the main parts of the ulna?
olecranon:forms the elbow bump, attachments of triceps brachii
styloid process:posterial medial wrist bump
how many bones are in the carpals?
8
explain how the metacarpals are numbered?
labeled lateral to medial, (I-V)
how many phalanges are their in each hand?
14
what does the pelvis consist of?
the right and left oscoxae and the sacrum
what does the oscoxae articulate with?
1.anteriorly with the other oscoxae
2.posteriorly with the sacrum
3.laterally with the femur
what are the main parts of the oscoxae?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
what are the main features of the ilium?
iliac crest: along superior border
iliac spines: (anterior/posterior, superior/inferior) projections along iliac crest
muscle attachments
what are the ischium features?
ischial tuberosity: supports weight of body when seated; origin for deep gluteal muscles and hamstrings
what are the pubis features?
makes up the anterior, inferior region of oscoxae
what are the proximal features of the femur?
head: articulates with the right and left oscoxae
neck:allows movement of the femur(range of motion)
greater and lesser trochanters:muscle attachment
gluteal tuberosity: posterior rough region(attachment of gluteal muscle)
what are the distal features of the femur?
medial and lateral condyles:both articulate with tibia
is the tibia or fibula medial?
tibia
what connects the tibia and fibula?
interosseour membrane (webbing)
what are the features of the tibia?
medial and lateral condyles:articulate with the condyles of the femur
tibial tuberosity:anterior, inferior to condyle, muscle attachment
medial malleolus: medial bump on the ankle
what is the purpose of the fibula?
does not bare any weight, only for lateral stability to ankle
how many tarsals are in the foot?
7 ankle bones
how many metatarsals are in the foot?
5
how many phalanges are in the foot and how are they numbered?
14 phalanges
numbered medial to lateral (I-V)
how many cranial and facial bones are there?
8 cranial bones (direct contact with brain)
14 facial bones (no contact with brain)
what are the features of the cranial bones?
-attachment of meninges and muscles
-chambers
-housing glands
-articulation sites
what are the processes of the temporal bone?
styloid process:attachment for muscles of tongue and larynx
zygomatic process:joins zygomatic bone
mandibular fossa:articulates with mandible
external acoustic meatus: opening to auditory canal
what are the features of the occipital bone?
occipital condyles:articulate with vertebrae
foramen magnum: passage of the spinal cord
what are the 4 sutures in the cranium?
coronal: between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal: between parietal bones
lambdoid: between occipital and parietal bones
squamous: between parietal and temporal bones
what are the features of the sphenoid bone?
-articulates with all cranial bones
sella turcica: houses the pituitary gland, helps form sphenoid sinuses
what are the features of the ethmoid bone?
crista galli: helps support brain
perpendicular plate: forms inner superior architecture of the nose
ethmoidal sinuses: open into nasal cavity
what are the functions of the bones of the face?
-shape the face
-form part of orbital and nasal cavities
-support the teeth
-muscle attachment
what are the zygomatic bones and what do they articulate with?
-cheekbones
-articulate with temporal and frontal bone
what are the palatine and vomer bones?
vomer: triangular shape, helps form nasal septum
palatine:2 L-shaped bones that form part of the nasal cavity, hard palates, eye orbits
what are paranasal sinuses?
are filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity for:
-mucous lining humidifies and warms inhaled air
-lightens skull
-resonant chambers for sound production while speaking
what is the hyoid bone?
located between the mandible and larynx
“floating”
-primarily for muscle attachments
what are the cervical vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?
-generally smaller and used for movement
-7 bones form neck
what are the thoracic vertebrae functions and how many bones are there?
-medium sized, costal facets on body and transverse process (articulates for ribs and protection)
-12 bones form back
what are the lumbar vertebrae functions and how many bones?
-large to support more body weight
-5 bones
what are the features of the individual vertebrae?
-vertebral arch and body form vertebral foramen(passage of spinal cord)
-spinous process: projects posteriorly
-transverse process: lateral projections
what are the first two vertebrae and what do they do?
C1=atlas (articulate with occipital condyles)
C2=axis(allows for rotation of skull)
how many bones does the sacrum vertebrae have?
5 vertebrae fused into 1
how many bones are in the coccyx?
(tailbone)
-4 bones fused into 1
what is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs
what are the three types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
what is synarthrosis?
immobile
what is amphiarthrosis?
slightly mobile
what is diarthrosis?
freely mobile
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
-gomphoses:teeth (synarthrosis)
-sutures:between skull bones (synarthrosis)
-syndesmoses:between parallel bones in forearm and leg (amphiarthrosis)
what are the two cartilaginous joints?
-synchondroses:bones joined by hyaline (synarthrosis)
-symphyses:bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (amphiarthroses)
what are synovial joints?
-diarthroses
-articulating bones seperated by a joint cavity
-surrounded by articular capsule
what are the main structures of synovial joints?
-articular cartilage
-joint cavity
-synovial fluid
-ligaments
-sensory nerves
-blood vessels
what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?
-bursae(sacs outside most synovial joints)
-tendon sheaths(elongated bursae around tendons)
-fat pads(provide protection)
what are the 6 classifications of synovial joints?
-plane
-hinge
-pivot
-condylar
-saddle
-ball and socket
what are the 4 types of movement?
-gliding motion
-angular motion
-rotational motion
-special movements
what are the types of angular motions?
-flexion (decreasing the angle)
-extension (increasing the angle to normal)
-hyperextension (increasing the angle beyond normal)
-abduction (moving limb away from the midline)
-adduction ( moving limb toward the midline)
-circumduction (moving limb in circular motion)
