Anatomy-Midterm Flashcards

Question

Superficial

Answer 1

Nearer to the surface

Answer 2

Farther from the surface

Answer 3

Closer to the center (for spherical structures)

Answer 4

Farther from the center (for spherical structures)

Answer 5

Different sides

Answer 6

Outside covering of a body covering

Answer 7

Inside covering of a body cavity

Answer 8

Outward bulging of a body of a wall

Answer 9

Inward bulging of a body of a wall

Answer 10

Bending to decrease the angle

Answer 11

Extending to increase the angle

Answer 12

Moving away from the median plane

Answer 13

Moving towards the median plane

Answer 14

Rotating across the longitudinal axis

Answer 15

Rotating inwards

Answer 16

Rotating outward

Answer 17

Circular movement combining abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

Answer 18

Raising the lateral border of the foot

Answer 19

Rotating the medial part of the foot

Answer 20

Rotating your forearm so that your plan is facing down

Answer 21

Rotating your forearm so that your palm is facing up

Answer 22

Moving anteriorly

Answer 23

Moving posteriorly

Answer 24

End of a muscle that is fixed and shows less movement

Answer 25

End of a muscle that is fixed and shows more movement

Answer 26

Fleshy, contractile portion

Answer 27

Fibrous, non-contractile part of muscle

Answer 28

Connective tissue that connects bone to skin/muscle

Answer 29

Fibrous brand mad of aponeurosis

Answer 30

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Answer 31

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

Answer 32

Small arteries that branch out

Answer 33

Small veins that branch out

Answer 34

Connect arterioles and venules

Answer 35

Primitive gametes; derived from the epiblast in the second week of development and move into the wall of the yolk sac

Answer 36

Mitotically active cells

Answer 37

Prepares to go take meiosis

Answer 38

Completed meiosis I and goes into meiosis II

Answer 39

Completes meiosis II

Answer 40

Large pale cells surrounding the sperm. Derived from the epithelium of the gland. Acts under FSH and like female granulosa cells

Answer 41

Outside the seminiferous tubules. Produces testosterone to help in sperm post-development. Acts under LH. Like female thecal cells

Answer 42

Outside the seminiferous tubules. Helps in pushing the sperm out

Answer 43

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 44

Contains mitochondria to help the sperm move

Answer 45

Contains centrioles forming microtubules

Answer 46

Longest piece of the tail

Answer 47

Terminal end of the term

Answer 48

Any derivation from 46 chromosomes

Answer 49

Attaining a set of 23 chromosome (triploidy, tetraploidy)

Answer 50

Gaining one or losing one chromosome. Two types: 1) Hypodiploid: 45 chromosomes 2) Hyperdiploid: 47 chromosomes

Answer 51

Loss of 5p arm

Answer 52

XO in females. Females are infertile, have a short neck, and height

Answer 53

Gain extra chromosome 21. Leads to mental retardation, flat face, short neck

Answer 54

XXY or XXXY in males. They are infertile, have testicular atrophy, and have breasts

Answer 55

Become granulosa cells and surround the ovum

Answer 56

Become thecal cells

Answer 57

Ovum surrounded by follicular cells and outside of the ovum, there are stromal cells

Answer 58

Follicular cells become cuboidal but are still unilaminar. Zone pellucida begins to appear

Answer 59

Follicular cells become multilaminar. Zona pellucida forms. Stromal cells differentiate into theca interna and theca externa

Answer 60

Ovum gets bigger due to division of granulosa cells. Cavities begin to appear called antrum. Corona radiate and cumulus oopholus begin to form

Answer 61

Mature follicle that has everything

Answer 62

When ovulation occurs (ovum and granulosa cells leave ovary), some granulosa cells and theca interns form a yellow structure which secretes progesterone under the influence of LH to prepare the endometrium for implantation

Answer 63

If fertilization doesn’t occur, corpus leuteum degrades to become corpus albicans

Answer 64

1) 3 days before ovulation | 2) 24 hours after ovulation

Answer 65

24-72 hours

Answer 66

12-24 hours

Answer 67

Sperm maturation in the Fallopian tubes. Interactions between the epithelial of the Fallopian tube and sperm. Removes proteins and seminal plasma proteins acquired through epididymal and ejaculatory phases. This is to expose molecules that will help in egg penetration

Answer 68

Find and bind to receptors on the egg membrane

Answer 69

Tells beta proteins to go

Answer 70

When the sperm and egg membranes fuse, causes depolarization of the membrane which stops any other sperm from binding to egg receptors. Also, sodium ions enter the cell

Answer 71

When the membranes fuse, calcium ions leave the egg,s cytoplasm, causing cortical granules to fuse with the eggs membrane and empty contents that destroy the eggs sperm receptors

Answer 72

Actin filaments elongate to start making their way to the eggs receptors

Answer 73

Occurs after the hydrolytic enzymes penetrate the zona pellucida

Answer 74

When egg and sperm nuclei are swollen and come closer to each other

Answer 75

First cleavage (2 cells)

Answer 76

16 cell stage (72 hours old)

Answer 77

Hollow filled with embryoblast and trophoblast

Answer 78

Makes the placenta and chorion. Differentiates into: 1) Syncytiotrophoblast: membranes are fused together; outer layer 2) Cytotrophoblast: inner layer; membranes aren’t fused together

Answer 79

Comes in the third month and starts secreting estrogen and progesterone

Answer 80

Secreted by the trophoblasts to tell the corpus leuteum to continue secreting estrogen and progesterone

Answer 81

In fallopian tubes

Answer 82

Has no apical surface. Found in the interstitial fluid of Leydig cells and leutin cells of the ovary

Answer 83

Lines the blood vessels and the lymphatic vessels

Answer 84

Lines the ventricles and the atrium

Answer 85

Lines the walls and covers the outer surfaces of the closed body cavities (pericardial, peritoneum, pleural)

Answer 86

Height is less than the width. Nucleus is flat. Found in the alveoli of the lungs, loop of Henle, Bowman’s capsule, endothelium, and myothelium

Answer 87

Height and width are the same. Nucleus is located in the middle. Found in the surface of the ovary, thyroid follicles, and ducts of glands

Answer 88

Height is greater than the width. Nucleus is elongated and closer to the bottom. Cells are either pyramidal or low columnar. Found in the bronchules, uterine tubes, and ductules of the testes

Answer 89

Found in the GI tract (from the stomach to the rectum) and gallbladder

Answer 90

Found in the auditory tube, vas deferens, and male urethra

Answer 91

Found in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and large bronchi)

Answer 92

Basal layer is low cuboidal or columnar. Superficial layer is squamous. Found in the lining of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, cornea, anal canal

Answer 93

Superficial layer has non-living cells that have keratin in their cytoplasm. Tough and water resistant. Found in the skin

Answer 94

Found in the ducts of the sweat glands

Answer 95

Basal layer has polyhedral cells. Superficial layer has columnar cells. Found in the ducts of large glands and the conjunctiva of the eye

Answer 96

Basal layer are cuboidal or columnar. Middle layer is polyhedral or pear-shaped. Superficial layer is umbrella-shaped. Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder

Answer 97

- Zona occludens - Zona addherins - Macula occludens - Gap junctions

Answer 98

Composed of type IV collagen, proteoglycan (heparin sulfate), laminin (glycoprotein that binds to basal lamina), and entacidin (glycoprotein associated with laminin). Has two parts: lamina lucida and lamina densa

Answer 99

Composed of collagen type III fibers and is below the basal lamina

Answer 100

Located on the inner surface of the basal lamina in cells that are exposed to stress (stratifies squamous)

Answer 101

One mature epithelium changes into another epithelial cell due to an abnormal stimuli or inflammation

Answer 102

Pseudostratified changed to stratified squamous

Answer 103

Simple columnar changes to stratified squamous

Answer 104

Stratified squamous changes to simple columnar

Answer 105

Have a duct that carries secretion to the outside surface or lumen if the viscera

Answer 106

Don’t have a duct and secretions are carried through the circulatory system

Answer 107

Ducts don’t branch but secretory portion can. Three types: tubular, alveolar, and tuboalveolar

Answer 108

Ducts branch

Answer 109

Molecules are secreted by exocytosis Examples: pancreatic acinar cells, salivary glands

Answer 110

Apical surface of the cell is lost and cytoplasm disintegrates to release molecule Example: mammary gland, ciliary body of the eyelid

Answer 111

Whole cell is secreted and disintegrated to release molecules Examples: tarsal (mboidium) region of eyelid, sebaceous gland of hair follicles

Answer 112

Apex is lumen. Nucleus is round/oval. Lots of ER, golgi, and secretory granules. Is eosophilic due to immature and mature secretory granules

Answer 113

Basal nucleus that is flat. Basal surface includes ER, Golgi, and nucleus. Apical surface has secretory granules. Has a greater lumen than serous cells. Does not take in the H&E stain due to mucous cytoplasm Rough ER and golgi have enzymes called glycosyltransferases that add sugar to polypeptide. Examples: sublingual salivary glands, glands of respiratory , genital tract

Answer 114

Has both serine and mucous components. Serous cells at the end form crescent cells called serous demunles

Answer 115

Unicellular glands that have a basal nucleus with an ER surrounding it. Golgi is above it and secretory granules are on top containing mucin. Mucin will hydrate to become mucus that will line the lumen Example: small intestine, large intestine, and respiratory epithelium

Answer 116

Found between the basal lamina and the epithelium cells. Star-shaped and processes tough acinal portion. Helps in contracting the secretions into the duct. Have myosin and actin

Answer 117

Concentrating bike and absorbing water and ions. Goes from lumen to the cell. Microvilli help absorb nutrients. Example: intestine and gallbladder

Answer 118

Lose water from interstitial fluid. Goes from cell to lumen Example: choroid plexus, salivary gland, ciliary body

Answer 119

Finger-like projections of cytoplasm that help in absorption and contraction. Contains myosin I, myosin II and actin filaments Example: intestine and kidney

Answer 120

Located at the tip of the microvilli and anchors the actin filaments

Answer 121

Horizontal layer of actin filaments that are located under the base of the microvilli. Stabilized by spectrin

Answer 122

Anchors the terminal web to the apical membrane of the cell in microvilli

Answer 123

Hair-like projections of the cytoplasm

Answer 124

Contains 9 triplets of microtubules Is thin and dark-staining

Answer 125

Contains 9 doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of microtubules in the center. Microtubules have A and B subunits Have arms that extend from the A subunit and form cross-bridges with the B subunit

Answer 126

Protein that is in the arms of microtubules

Answer 127

Links microtubules together

Answer 128

Long microvilli that have thick and thin regions. The thick regions have cytoplasmic bridges in between them. There’s is no villin Example: male reproductive tract (vas deferens and ductule deferens) and hair receptors of the ear

Answer 129

Plasma protein that attaches actin bundles to apical region of the cytoplasm in sterocillia

Answer 130

Long cillia that is found only in the male sperm cell

Answer 131

Fusion of some plasma proteins of adjacent cells on their lateral side. Leads to things passing between apical and lateral regions

Answer 132

Connect actin filaments from one cell to the other cell

Answer 133

Main junction for cells to bind to each other. Scattered across the cell membrane.

Answer 134

On the membranes of each cell

Answer 135

Link the adjacent plaques. Can zip up the space

Answer 136

Can bind to the plaques and helps relieve the tension on either side

Answer 137

Form channels between adjacent cells.

Answer 138

Protein that helps form the channels to help ions and other small substances cross the membrane

Answer 139

Contains laminin

Answer 140

Contains type IV collagen and heparin sulfate

Answer 141

Help connect the basal lamina to the lamina retucularis. Contains type VII collagen

Answer 142

Contains type III collagen

Answer 143

Form a meshwork of procollagen that helps in structure and filtration of the basal lamina

Answer 144

Attaches the lamina reticularis to the basal lamina

Answer 145

Simple staining technique Hematoxylin: basic stain (positive charge) that stains blue Eosin: acidic stain (negative charge) that stains pink

Answer 146

Uses silver and stains proteins (type III collagen) and DNA

Answer 147

Has a property called metachromasia which is staining tissues in different shades of a color Stains blue in solution but red in mast cell granules

Answer 148

Stains for blood and bone marrow. Smears are a mixture of basic (methylene blue) and acidic (eosin)

Answer 149

Stain lipids

Answer 150

Used instead of oil red o since it gives a darker red color

Answer 151

Forms in the second week. Trophoblast and embryoblast separate and form a cavity in between. Roof is amnion and floor is epiblast. Amniotic fluid is deceived from maternal blood and fetal urine

Answer 152

9th day: holes form in the syncytiotrophoblast called lacunae 12th day: holes fuse to form a membrane called the lacunae network. Maternal capillaries in the endometrium dilate and seep into the network

Answer 153

Happen at 8th day if development. Hypoblast cells migrate ventrally (downward) and form extraceolomic membrane Yolk sac is hypoblast + extracoelomic membrane Yolk sac supplies early nutrients, contain n primordial germ cells, source of blood cells, shock absorber

Answer 154

12th day of development. Fuses to form a large singular cavity

Answer 155

Formed by two trophoblasts and extra embryonic mesoderm. Protects the embryo and produces hCG. Connecting stalk connects embryoblast to trophoblast

Answer 156

Forming three layers of cells. Epiblast will migrate medially to the primitive streak and go ventrally (inwards) to displace the hypoblast to form endoderm. Will then go in between endodermis and epiblast to form mesoderm and finally replace itself to form ectoderm. Process goes causally to cranially

Answer 157

Forms epidermis and nervous system

Answer 158

Epithelial lining of GI tract, resp tract, etc

Answer 159

Everything else (bones, body cavities, CT)

Answer 160

Forms on 16th day. Induces tissues to become vertebral bodies and induces neurulation

Answer 161

Forms at the cranial end of the disc. Will dissolve to form the tract connecting the mouth to the GI tract and pharynx

Answer 162

Forms at the caudal end if the disc. Will form the opening of the anus, the urinary tract, and reproductive tracts

Answer 163

When cloacal membrane forms, the wall of the yolk sac will form the allantois. In most animals, the allantois is responsible for gas exchange and waste removal. But placenta does this in humans

Answer 164

Notochord will induce formation of the neural plate. Neural plate will elevate to form neural folds. Neural folds will fuse to form neural tube Neural tube forms the brain and spinal chord

Answer 165

Slip under during development of neural tube. Forms autonomic nervous ganglia, spinal + cranial nerves&ganglia, adrenal mediated skeletal muscular components of the head

Answer 166

- Prosencephalon (forebrain) - Mesoncephalon (midbrain) - Rhomboncephalon (hindbrain)

Answer 167

Develop in the third week. Forms between the mesoderm next to the notochord and neural tube and forms paired longitudinal columns of paraxial mesoderm. These are segmented into paired, cube-shaped somites Number of somites can be corresponded to the age of the embryo

Answer 168

Happens in third week. Spaces develop in the blood islands to form , lumen of blood vessel. Pluripotent stem cells develop into blood cells

Answer 169

Finger like-projection on chorion. Blood vessels of chronic villin connect to the embryonic stalk by connecting stalk (umbilical chord)

Answer 170

Swelling at one end of the primitive streak. Is the first and central structure in determining the cranio-caudal axis. - Determines growth of the notochord cranially by HNF-beta 3 - Determines growth of the primitive streak caudally by nodal - Determines body axis by goosecoid - Induces cells to become motile and migrate by T gene

Answer 171

Also establishes cranial aspect by lim-1

Answer 172

Established by anterior visceral endoderm cells. Express genes for head formation. These include OTX2, LIM 1, and HESX1

Answer 173

Established through the primitive mode and steak which secret FGF8. Also establishes the expression of nodal. Nodal accumulates in the left side of the node

Answer 174

FGF8 induces the expression of Lim-1 and LEFTY-2. Both genes regulate the expression of the transcription factor PITX2 which establishes left-sidedness

Answer 175

Expressed on the left side of the ventral side of the neural tube

Answer 176

Accomplished by sonic hedgehog (shh) which make sure that left side genes don’t go on the right and vice versa

Answer 177

Regulates genes required for right-sidedness

Answer 178

Caudal defect resulting from insufficient mesoderm formation. Also due to T gene. Leads to fused lower limbs and renal agenesis. Is teratogenic and genetic

Answer 179

Prechordal plate and anterior ectoderm fail to secrete shh and other factors needed for induction and early development of the forebrain. - Cranial defect - Neuronal and craniofacial cell death - Small forebrain and fused ventricles - Teratogenic

Answer 180

May be due to underexpression of goosecoid

Answer 181

Most abundant tissue in our body. Has ground substance, cells, and fibers. Divided into: - CT proper (loose and dense) - Fluid CT blood - Supportive CT bone and cartilage

Answer 182

- Connect epithelial to basal lamina - Provide structure - Store energy - Transports materials

Answer 183

- Fibroblast - Macrophages - Mesenchymal cells - Microphages - Lymphocytes - Adipocytes - Mast cells

Answer 184

All CT comes from here. Secrete proteins and hyaluronon. Produce fibers and ground substance Has unbranched cytoplasm, small nucleus, and little rER and no Golgi. This makes it inactive

Answer 185

Part of immune system and eat up pathogens

Answer 186

Cells with large fat droplets

Answer 187

Stem cells that respond to infection and injury. Differentiates into different CT tissue types

Answer 188

Store the brown pigment melanin

Answer 189

Stimulate inflammation after an injury. Secrete histamine and heparin. Basophils are mast cells in the blood

Answer 190

Cells of the lymphatic system (ex: plasma cells)

Answer 191

Respond to signals sent by macrophages and mast cells. Ex: neutrophils and eosinophils

Answer 192

Made of collagen and is strong. Found mostly in dense CT. Is unbranched. Fresh fibers are colorless but when ores their in late numbers, looks white Ex: tendons and ligaments

Answer 193

Thin collagen fibers. Highly branched. Forms a mesh-work. Supports organs (spleen, liver, kidney)

Answer 194

Made of elastin. Fibers branch. Ex: aortic wall, vocal chords, air passages

Answer 195

Gives rise to all CT. Is embryonic in origin. Has semi fluid ground substance with reticular fibers. Has an oval nucleus, prominent nucleolus, and little cytoplasm

Answer 196

Found only in the umbilical chord. Has star-shaped cells. Very few cells. Ground substance is made if hyaluronic acid.

Answer 197

Elongated cells with branched cytoplasm, large nucleus with prominent nucleolus, and lots of rER and Golgi

Answer 198

Nucleus is pushed towards the end of the cell due to the fat droplet. Two types: unliocular and multilocular

Answer 199

In adults. Stores fat. Most common fat. Found in abdomen, butt, stomach, thighs, omentry (between stomach) and mesentry (posterior of abdomen) One large fat droplet.

Answer 200

In kids. Has multiple fat droplets. Breaks down fat and produces energy. Has a lot of mitochondria

Answer 201

Loose CT. Least specialized and has a lot of elastin fibers (stretching). Found in capillary beds and blood vessels. Has all three fibers (black=elastin, pink=collagen). Cells are mostly fibroblasts

Answer 202

Loose CT. Network of fibers and cells that hold up vital organs.

Answer 203

Fibers go in one direction and fibroblasts are in between them. It’s white when I stained due to presence of collagen. Forms tendon

Answer 204

Fibers go in all different directions. This helps them in holding up force from all sides. Ex: white if the eyeball, dermis of the skin

Answer 205

Branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts. Can stretch and still goes back to its shape. Ex: lung tissue, vocal chords, ligament between vertebrae

Answer 206

They are large fibrils. Found in the bones, dentin, dermis, cornea. Two also alpha chains are similar and one is different. Synthesizes from fibroblasts and osteoblasts

Answer 207

Small fibrils that are very thin. All three alpha chains are identical. Found in cartilage (hyaline and elastic). Synthesizes from chondroblasts

Answer 208

Small fibrils. Found in the lamina reticularis and reticular fibers. Synthesizes from fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, and hepatocytes

Answer 209

Sheetlike. Found in the basal lamina (lamina densa). Synthesized from epithelial cells, Schwann cells, and muscle cells

Answer 210

Sheetlike network. In the anchoring fibrils. Synthesizes from epidermal cells

Answer 211

Synthesizes from fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and odontoblasts. Made up of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline.

Answer 212

The main protein subunit of collagen. Each molecule is made up of 3 alpha chains intertwined in a right handed helix. Length=280nm Width= 1.5nm One turn= 8.6nm Every three amino acids is glycine. The others are proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine

Answer 213

Bundles of fibers

Answer 214

Bundles of tropocollagen

Answer 215

1) Gap regions: gaps and is light | 2) Overlapping regions: no gaps and is dark

Answer 216

Has reticular fibers that are synthesized from reticular cells. Has collagen type III. Does not stain with H&E. Stains with silver slats (agyrophilic)

Answer 217

Synthesis of elastin is similar to that of collagen. Is yellow on gross tissue. Stains with eosin but not well. Stains with: - Orscein: black - Resorcin-fuschin: purple - Wigert’s: black-purple

Answer 218

Desmosine and isodesmosine

Answer 219

Supports fibers and cells. Determines consistency. Contains: - Chondroitin sulphate: jelly-like substance providing support - Adhesion proteins (fibronectin): binds collagen to ground substance - Hyaluronic acid: thick viscous and slippery

Answer 220

Linear polysaccharide that forms disaccharide units. Forms proteoglycan

Answer 221

Anchors itself to hyaluronic acid

Answer 222

Deficiency in collagen type I. Can easily fracture bones doing simple movements. Also leads to a blue sclera, hearing problems, bruising, nose bleeds, and spine issues. Peak year if fractures: 0-15 yrs

Answer 223

Deficiency in collagen type III. Is a polygenetic (caused by more than one gene). Skin is very stretchy and fragile. Joints are hypremovable

Answer 224

Deficiency in collagen type IV. Leads to hematuria since lamina densa is not secure. Characterized by glomerulonephritis. Can lead to hearing loss and affect eyes

Answer 225

Rare genetic skin condition. Leads to blistering and scarring of tissue. Leads to changes in appearance of the skin (poilkilodrema)

Answer 226

80 bones and include the head, thoracic cage (ribs and sternum), and vertebrae (sacrum)

Answer 227

126 bones and include the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), upper and lower limbs, and pelvic girdle

Answer 228

Dense and strong bone that has a Haversian canal

Answer 229

Has spaces in between bone marrow

Answer 230

Height is greater than the width. Has diapahysis and epiphysis. Has articulated cartilage in epiphysis that is full of hyaline cartilage. Ex: femur, tibia, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals

Answer 231

Cuboidal in shape. Has a thin layer of compact with spongy bone. Ex: carpals and tarsals

Answer 232

Long shaft that. Has two membranes: - Periosteum: outer - Endostium: inner

Answer 233

At the extremities of the diaphysis. Covered with articulous cartilage.

Answer 234

Between the end of the diaphysis and the epiphyseal line

Answer 235

Have this in kids since their bones need to grow

Answer 236

Have this is adults since their bones have finished growing

Answer 237

Flat and elongated. Thin layer of spongy in between two layers of compact bone. Helps in muscle attachment Ex: sternum, bones of the skull, scapula

Answer 238

Short bones embedded in a tendon. Ex: patella

Answer 239

Ex: coccyx, sacrum, lower bones of the skull, vertebrae

Answer 240

Membrane becomes ossified over time Ex: skull bones

Answer 241

Cartilage became ossified over time Ex: long bones

Answer 242

Runs through the nutrient foremen and supplies blood to the whole medula, metaphysis, and 2/3 of cortex Fuses with the epiphyseal, metaphysial, and periostial arteries

Answer 243

Goes through the periosteum and enters the volkmann’s canal. Supplies the last third of the cortex

Answer 244

Located on the non-articular surface of bone. Has numerous foramina but most of them are for exiting

Answer 245

Further reinforces the nutrient artery

Answer 246

Have little to no movement. Has collagen fibers in between them. Ex: sutures (between skull), gomphoses (between mandible and teeth), and syndemoses (between bones)

Answer 247

- By veins that run parallel to the arteries | - By veins that leave the cortical periosteum through muscle insertions

Answer 248

Has some movement (more than fibrous). Divided into: - Synchondrosis - Symphysis

Answer 249

Primary cartilaginous joints. Has hyaline cartilage Ex: first vertebrae connecting to the sternum

Answer 250

Secondary cartiligenous joint. Has fibrocartilage. Ex: pubis

Answer 251

2 bones are joined together Ex: joined the bones in the cranial part

Answer 252

Most movable joint. Has a synovial capsule surrounding the joint, inner portion of the capsule has a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. Types of synovial joints: - Ball and socket - Gliding - Hinge - Pivot - Elipsoid - Saddle

Answer 253

Connects muscle to bone

Answer 254

Connects bone to bone

Answer 255

Allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal, and external rotation Ex: shoulder and hip

Answer 256

Bones glide past each other Ex: intercarpal joints

Answer 257

Flexion and extension Ex: elbow and knee

Answer 258

One bone rotates around the other Ex: neck

Answer 259

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction Ex: thumb

Answer 260

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction Ex: in wrists

Answer 261

Biconcave disks that have no nucleus and no organelles. Carries oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to lungs. Have a lifespan of 120 days. 90% are phagocytozed but the rest break down intravascularly

Answer 262

Defend the body against foreign objects. Divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Answer 263

Have a diameter of 10-15 micrometers. Have a lifespan of 2-3 days. Have a multilobed nuclei. Make of 40-75% of WBC Have three granules: - Specific granules - Azurophilic granules - Tertiary granules Stain dark blue to purple. First line of defense

Answer 264

Size is similar to neutrophils. Make up 2-5% of WBCs. Have a bi-lobed nuclei. Lifespan of 8-12 days Have two granules: -Specific elongated granules -Azurophilic granules Granules in cytoplasm are red/orange Respond to allergens, inflammation, and infection

Answer 265

Make up 0-5% of WBCs. Have a bi-lobed nucleus that is obscured by the granules. Captures basic stain Have two granules: - Specific - Non-specific Respond to allergens

Answer 266

Two types: - B cells: plasma cells and antibodies - T cells: directly attack cells Three sizes: small (same size as RBC), medium, and large Have Azurophilic granules. Nucleus is spherical

Answer 267

Large, kidney-shaped nucleus. Stains dark blue to purple. Have Azurophilic granules. Acts as macrophages. Have large amounts of lysosomal enzymes

Answer 268

Not cells!!! Broken pieces of magakaryocytes. Clots blood by forming a fibrin mesh work to trap blood cells

Answer 269

An osteo-cartiligenous cage that has a narrow inlet and a wide outlet. Contains the lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes and great vessels Boundaries: - Anteriorly: sternum and costal cartilage - Posteriorly: vertebrae - Laterally: ribs and costal cartilage

Answer 270

Narrow downward sloping forward opening. Communicates with the head and neck. Boundaries: - Anteriorly: manubrium of sternum - Posteriorly: T1 veterbrae - Laterally: 1st rib and costal cartilage

Answer 271

Closed by the diaphragm at the bottom. Opens into the peritoneal cavity Bounded by: - Anteriorly: costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 - Posteriorly: T12 - Laterally: 11th and 12th rib Structure that open into the outlet: - Inferior vena cava at T8 - Esophagus at T10 - Aorta, azygous veins, and thoracic duct at T12

Answer 272

12 ribs in total. Divided into: - True ribs: ribs 1-7; connect to the sternum directly - Vertebrochondral ribs: ribs 8-10; connect indirectly to the sternum with the costal cartilage binding to rib 7 - Floating ribs: don’t attach to the sternum First ribs attach to the sternum using a synchondral joint Ribs 2-7 joins to the sternum by synovial joints

Answer 273

Contains the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Answer 274

Thickest part of the three bones. Contains T3 and T4. Inferior part of the manubrium has the jugular, suprasternal notch, or fossa jugularis sternalis. This is in between the two clavicular notches

Answer 275

Contains T5-T9

Answer 276

Also known as the angle of Louis or manibriosternal joint. This is a synarthrosis joint

Answer 277

Smalles bone that is curved and pointy. Has T9. Becomes ossified at age 40

Answer 278

Between the xiphoid process and body

Answer 279

Has three main parts: - External muscle: used for inspiration - Internal muscle: used for expiration - Innermost intercostal muscle: used for expiration

Answer 280

Sepeartes the Skelton from the muscles

Answer 281

Separates the thoracic viscera from the abdominal one

Answer 282

Dorsal: - Cranial - Vertebral Ventral: - Thoracic - Abdominal - Pelvic

Answer 283

Contains the pleural cavities and mediastinum (contains the pericardium)

Answer 284

Houses one lung. A pleura is a serous membrane that folds inward to make two membranes Visceral pleural: lines the lung Parietal pleura: touches the abdominal cavity but is separated by endothoracic fascia Pleural space: in between the visceral and parietal layers

Answer 285

Middle of the lungs. Includes all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. Bounded by: - Anteriorly: sternum - Posteriorly: vertebrae - Laterally: pleurae Divided into: - Superior mediastinum - Inferior mediastinum: anterior, middle, and posterior

Answer 286

Bounded by: - Superiorly: thoracic inlet - Inferiorly: transverse thoracic plane - Anteriorly: manubrium - Posteriorly: T1 to T4 - Laterally: pleura Structures in the superior mediastinum: - Esophagus (posterior) and trachea (anterior) - Arteries: brachiocephalic arteries, common cartons arteries, arch of the aorta, and subclavian arteries - Veins: brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava - Thymus, lymph nodes, and thoracic duct - Nerves: phrenic nerves, vague nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, sympathetic trunk

Answer 287

In front of the heart Contains: -Thymus, lymph nodes, and fat

Answer 288

Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, main bronchi, and lymph nodes

Answer 289

Behind the heart Contains the thoracic duct, descending aorta, esophagus, azygous veins

Answer 290

About the size of your fist. Located a little to the left. Hidden by the lungs

Answer 291

Made up of: - Fibrous outer covering made of CT - Myothelial layer made up of visceral and parietal Function: - Anchors+protects heart - Makes her extra blood doesn’t get into the heart - Friction-free surface - Makes sure infecting substances fro nearby places don’t get in

Answer 292

- Epicardium: visceral layer - Myocardium: makes up bulk of the heart; made of cardiac muscle tissue - Endocardium: inside

Answer 293

Made from the infrolateral part of the left ventricle

Answer 294

Formed by the left atrium and less from the right one. Bounded by T6 to T9. Bounded inferiorly by coronary sulcus Pulmonary artery goes into left atrium and vena cava goes in right one

Answer 295

Horizontal plane that divides the inferior from the superior. Between the plane of Louis and IV of T4 and T5

Answer 296

Weeks 3-8 Period of organogenesis and external body structures form

Answer 297

Develop at the end the 3rd week and fuse at the 5th somite. Cranial pore closes on day 25 and caudal pore closes on day 27

Answer 298

Formed from the edges of the neural folds and goes from cranial-caudal Can go two ways: - Ventrally to be part of the mesoderm - Dorsally to be melanocytes in the ectoderm Structures derived: dorsal root ganglion, odontoblasts, melanocytes, Schwann and glial cells

Answer 299

Hair, nails, epidermis, nervous system

Answer 300

Develop on day 28 by thickening of the ectoderm. - Otic will go on ear - Lens will go on eye on week 5

Answer 301

Thickens around the notochord and formed on day 19. Forms cranial-caudal Gives rise to somites which forms the axial skeleton - Day 20 see some in the occipital region - Day 35: see 42-44 pairs Scelrotomes give rise to the vertebral column Dorsolateral, have dermamyotome - Dermatome: forms skin of back - Myotome: muscles

Answer 302

Urogential system

Answer 303

Towards the end. Cavity between them divides it into somatic and splanchnic layer

Answer 304

Lateral and ventral body wall and forms a serous membrane lining the intra-embryonic cavity

Answer 305

Lines the gut

Answer 306

- Forms the roof of the yolk sac - GI system is the main derivative - Forms foregut, hindgut, and midgut - Cranial end is separated from the stuodenum (depression between brain and heart) by buccopharyngeal membrane (breaks at 4th week) - At caudal end, cloacal membrane separates the hindgut from the exterior (breaks at 7th week) - Midgut remains in connection with yolk sac (vitielline duct connects midgut to yolk sac) -Endoderm derivatives: epithelium of urinary bladder and urethra, primitive gut, allantois

Answer 307

Weeks 9-38 Maturation of the tissues and organs Length increases rapidly within the 3rd to 5th month Head growth slows down compared to the rest of the body

Answer 308

- Eyes become human like - Eyes and ears go their normal position - Upper limbs reach their relative length but not the lower limbs - External genitalia develop - Muscular activity

Answer 309

- Muscular activity by the baby - Fetus is lined with lanugo hair - Reaches length of 15 cm

Answer 310

- Mothers skin is lined by vernix caseoca which is a wax to easily deliver the baby - Baby born at 6 months won’t survive but a baby born at 7 months has a 90% chance of surviving (has weight of 1.1 kg) - Normal birth weight: 3-3.4 kg - CRL= 36 cm - CHL= 50 cm

Answer 311

Hard to predict since irregular menses and implantation bleeding makes it difficult to determine

Answer 312

Extends from the diaphragm to the pelivis (iliac crest) Supported by lumbar vertebrae Posteriorly and muscular wall anterolaterally

Answer 313

Lateral cutaneous nerves: first supply the thoracic cavity and then supply the abdominal cavity (under T7, 8, and 9 Lumbar nerves: main supply of abdominal cavity nerves Innervated by autonomic nervous system Sympathetic: preganglionic fibers come from lower thoracic (T5-T12) and L1-2. Relay in the sympathetic ganglion and reach organs through plexus on arterial wall Parasympathetic: preganglionic parasympathetic fibers come from the vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S1,2,3). Postganglionoc are located on the wall of the viscera

Answer 314

Subcutaneous veins: lie on the surface of the skin Deep veins: run with the arteries and nerves. In portal hypertension, they dilate to drain into the femoral we in inferiorly and the auxiliary vein superiorly

Answer 315

Internal thoracic artery: extends from the thorax and divides into the superior epigastric artery Femoral artery will branch off and give the inferior epigastric artery

Answer 316

- External oblique - Internal oblique - Rectus abdominum - Transverse oblique Innervated by the lower intercostal nerves and the first and second lumbar nerves

Answer 317

Extends from the lower rib to the iliac crest. Interdigitates with the serratous anterior muscle. Aponeurosis of it gives rise to anterior part of the rectus sheath

Answer 318

Extends from the iliac and thaoracolumbar fascia to the lower ribs Aponeurosis of it bibles rise to anterior part of rectus sheath

Answer 319

Extends from thoracolumbar fascia+iliac crest to the lower ribs Aponeurosis of it gives rise to posterior part if the rectus sheath

Answer 320

Is anterior but not lateral like the others. Is divided into 3 or 4 smaller units which helps the muscles achieve a good function Enclosed by rectus sheath Provides support for the paramedical abdominal incision not mot good since there are no bones to support it

Answer 321

Formed by aponeurosis of all three muscle layers Above arcuate line: - External and anterior internal make up anterior part of sheath - Transverse and posterior internal make up posterior part of the sheath Below arcuate line: -All three muscle sheets make up the anterior layer

Answer 322

- Psoas major: extends from transverse processes of the lumbar to the lesser trochanter of the femur - Psoas minor: muscle on top of Psoas major - Quadratus lumborum: extends from 12th rib to iliac crest

Answer 323

Located in the lower part of the abdominal wall. Allows the spermatic chord to enter the abdomen (site for inguinal hernia)

Answer 324

Covers the quodratus lumborum Internal and transverse oblique are derived from here

Answer 325

Liver, half of the transverse colon, gallbladder

Answer 326

Stomach, pancreases half of the transverse colon

Answer 327

Cecum, ascending colon, appendix

Answer 328

Rectum, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Answer 329

Space between the parietal and viscera peritoneum which is full of fluid to allow movement Divided into greater sac and lesser sac

Answer 330

Have more fluid than normal

Answer 331

Has subdiaphragmatic and subhepatic parts Subhepatic part is divided into supracolic and infracolic Supracolic has parabolic gutters at the sides of the descending and ascending colon

Answer 332

Located behind the stomach

Answer 333

- Greater omentum - Lesser omentum - Mesentry

Answer 334

From greater curvature of the stomach to the duodenum. Comes down like an apron over the small intestine

Answer 335

Lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Answer 336

Suspends the small intestine and holds it by the posterior part

Answer 337

Behind the peritoneum Ex: pancreas, ascending and descending colon, kidneys

Answer 338

Below the peritoneum Ex: urinary bladder

Answer 339

In the peritoneum Ex: stomach, spleen, transverse colon

Answer 340

Sympathetic fibers in abdominal wall are same fibers in viscera so pain in the organs will seem like there’s pain in the abdominal wall Ex: - Stomach pain will be felt in the umbilicus in T10 - Appendix lain is filth in the inguinal region

Answer 341

- Exchange of metabolites and get rid of waste - Defense: baby gets IgG antibodies - Production of hormones: hCG, estradiol, HPL

Answer 342

Acts like a growth hormone. Secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

Answer 343

Surrounds the entire embryo and has chorionic villi. Formed by the trophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Answer 344

Encloses the embryo.

Answer 345

- Transfers nutrients from 2nd-3rd week - Blood islands develop to make blood cells from 3rd-6th week - Primordial germ cells appear in the wall of yolk sac by 3rd week

Answer 346

Forms the urachus which connects the urinary bladder to the umblilcus. By birth, it should close on its own. If it doesn’t, then need surgery to close it to prevent infection

Answer 347

In the amniotic cavity Purpose: - Helps allow symmetrical growth of fetus - Allows fetus to swim - Cushions embryo

Answer 348

Developed from chorion (embryonic side) and decidua basalis (mother’s side)

Answer 349

Has 3 parts: - Decidua basalis: between the blastocyst and trophoblast - Decidua capsularis: endometrium surrounding the embryo - Decidua parietalis: rest of the endometrium

Answer 350

Formed from the chorion and project into the endometrium

Answer 351

Cytotrophoblast projecting into syncytiotrophoblast

Answer 352

Cytotrophoblast that has connective tissue by 3rd week

Answer 353

In the connective tissue, mesenchymal cells differentiate into blood vessels that helps in the circulation of fetal blood in 3rd week

Answer 354

Has two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. Arteries and veins have the opposite function

Answer 355

Embryonic part of the placenta.

Answer 356

Important for macrophages and xenophobic cells

Answer 357

Fertilized egg split in two. Has two amnions, one chorion, and one placenta If the egg splits before 2 weeks, has one amnion, one chorion, and one placenta

Answer 358

Two eggs that were fertilized. Have two amnions, two chorions, and two placentas If a monozygotic twin splits, it can also act like a dizygotic twin If two embryos are very close to each other, share a chorion and placenta but not the amnion

Answer 359

Embryo implants in a way that the placenta grows into organs causing problems for both the mother and the baby

Answer 360

A little in to the myometrium

Answer 361

A little more into the myometrium

Answer 362

In the whole endometrium

Answer 363

Fusion of 5 sacrum vertebrae

Answer 364

Formed by 2-3 coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 365

Made up of three parts: - Ilium - Ischium - Pubis

Answer 366

Connect the sacrum to the ilium. Is a synovial joint

Answer 367

Connects the sacrum to the coccyx Secondary cartiligenous joint

Answer 368

Connects the pubeces on both sides. Secondary cartilegenous joint

Answer 369

Goes from the sacrum to the spinous part of the sacrum. Forms the greater sciatic notch which is the entrance to the gluteal region&leave back of the thigh

Answer 370

Goes from the sacrum to the tuberosity of the sacrum. Forms the lesser sciatic notch. Vessels pass first through the gluteal and then the perineum

Answer 371

Covered by the obturaror membrane, allowing a small hole to appear (obturator canal). Canal allows the obturator nerves, arteries, and veins to pass through

Answer 372

Has two parts: - Lesser pelivis (true pelvis) - Greater pelivis (false pelvis)

Answer 373

Below the pelvic brim (inlet) Houses all the pelvic viscera

Answer 374

Above the pelvic brim (inlet). Houses the abdominal viscera

Answer 375

Pubic bone

Answer 376

Ilium, ischium, obturator membrane, and obturator internus

Answer 377

Sacrum, coccyx, piriformis muscle

Answer 378

Leavator ani - Puborectalis - Pubococcygeous - Ilioccygeous Coccygeous

Answer 379

Space between the left and right puborectalis. Vagina and urethra pass through this to reach the perinium

Answer 380

Angle between the pubis

Answer 381

Anterior to posterior: urinary bladder, uterus+vagina, sigmoid colon, rectum Ovaries located in the ovarian fossa Uterine tubes stretch laterally from uterus

Answer 382

Pouch between rectum and uterus

Answer 383

Pouch between the urinary bladder and the uterus

Answer 384

Anterior to posterior: urinary bladder, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens (vas deferens), sigmoid colon + rectum

Answer 385

Between the urinary bladder and the rectum

Answer 386

Divides into left and right common iliac artery

Answer 387

Divides into internal and external arteries

Answer 388

Enters front of the thigh and leaves as the femoral artery

Answer 389

Divided into anterior and posterior

Answer 390

Supplies the sacrum and gluteal regions

Answer 391

Supplies the urinary bladder, uterus (females), vagina (females)

Answer 392

Branch of anterior division. Supply sciatic notch, perineal, and inferior gluteal region

Answer 393

Arises from the lumbosacral plexus to join with the sacral nerves to form the sacral plexus

Answer 394

Gives rise to several branches which exit the pelvic cavity to supply the gluteal, posterior thigh, and perineal region

Answer 395

Are parasympathetic fibers that come from S2-4 & join the inferior hypogastric plexus

Answer 396

Below the pelvic diaphragm Rectum passes through it to form the anal canal Urethra enters it Vagina passes through it Divided into anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle by the ischial tuberosities

Answer 397

Has the anus which is surrounded by external sphincter muscle and ischioanal fossa

Answer 398

Females: contains urethra and vagina Makes: contains penis and urethra

Answer 399

Study of birth defects. Most common is multifactorial Minor anomalies like ear defects can be an indicator of a very serious disease

Answer 400

Occurs during organogenesis (3rd week-8th week) 3rd and 4th week are the most sensitive to teratogens

Answer 401

Morphological alterations of already formed structures

Answer 402

Result from mechanical forces that mold a part of the fetus

Answer 403

Group of anomalies occurring together that have a specific cause

Answer 404

Non-random appearance of defects but don’t know the cause

Answer 405

- Rubella - Cytomegalovirus - Herpes simplex - Toxoplasmosis - Syphilis

Answer 406

Heart defects, cataracts, glaucoma, hearing loss, tooth abnormalities

Answer 407

Microcephalic, visual impairment, fetal death, and intellectual disability

Answer 408

Hydrocephalus, cerebral calcification, microphthalmia

Answer 409

Microcephaly, retinal dysplasia, microphthalmia

Answer 410

Intellectual disability and hearing loss

Answer 411

- X-rays - Hyperthermia - Radiation

Answer 412

Microcephalic, spina bifida, intellectual disability

Answer 413

Anencephaly, spina bifida, intellectual disability

Answer 414

Limb defects

Answer 415

Neural tube defects, heart+craniofacial+limb defects

Answer 416

Can turn female genitalia into male

Answer 417

Vagina+uterus defects+fallopian tube, vaginal cancer, malformed testes

Answer 418

A lot safer now

Answer 419

Cleft palates, orofacial cleft

Answer 420

- Andrigenic agents - DES - Oral contraceptives - Cortisone

Answer 421

- Dibates | - Phenylketonuria

Answer 422

Excess glucose goes to baby and triggered baby’s pancreas to form insulin so when fetus is born, has a higher weight than normal Heart+neural tube defects

Answer 423

Intellectual disability, microcephaly

Answer 424

- Folic acid - Zinc - Iron - Iodide

Answer 425

Takes to prevent neural tube defects

Answer 426

Prevent cretinism

Answer 427

Prevent premature birth

Answer 428

Prevent low birth weight

Answer 429

Exposure to smoking and alcohol leads to deformed +bad sperm

Answer 430

Remnants of the primitive strake stay in the sacrococcygeal region and leads to tumors forming there

Answer 431

Small forebrain, fused ventricles, eyes are close to each other Caused by drinking alcohol

Answer 432

Lower limb defects, fused urogential system Associated with maternal diabetes

Answer 433

- Ultrasonography - Maternal screening - Amniocentesis - Chorionic villus sampling - Cordocentesis - Karyotyping

Answer 434

Can begin seeing fetus at 6 weeks. Can show neural tube defects, heart defects. Can’t show Down’s syndrome Can see CRL+CHL

Answer 435

- Alpha ferroprotein: produces by fetal liver and increases during second trimester and decreases by week 30. Low levels=downs syndrome, trisomy 18, sex chromosomal abnormalities - Unconjugated estradiol: low=downs syndrome - hCG: decreases after week 16. If high, then molar pregnancy - Inhibin a: detesting trisomy 21, 18, and other chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 436

Performed at weeks 15,17,20. Take a bit of a bit of fluid for testing. Can’t see Down’s syndrome

Answer 437

Performed at weeks 8,10,12. Test for chromosomal abnormalities (not Down’s syndrome)

Answer 438

Blood withdrawn from umbilical chord. Performed when all other methods can’t detect disease. Can detect Down’s syndrome

Answer 439

Looking at all the chromosomes to see chromosomal defects

Answer 440

Adding hormones to fetus to treat inborn errors of metabolism

Answer 441

Open uterus to repair spina bifida and diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 442

Adding stem cells to fetus before week 18 (before baby develops immune response)

Answer 443

Keeping chord cells in a bank since they have a lot of mesenchymal cells