Anatomy Lecture Notes Part I

Question 1

Medial

Answer 1

Closer to the midline

Question 2

Lateral

Answer 2

Further from the midline

Question 3

Proximal (used when describing limbs)

Answer 3

Nearer to the point of origin (or of the attachment of the limb to the trunk)

Question 4

Distal (used when describing limbs)

Answer 4

Further from the point of origin (or attachment of the limb to the trunk)

Question 5

Deep (used when describing layers of muscle or tissue in relation to the surface of the body)

Answer 5

More exclusive to describing one muscle in relation to another

Question 6

Sagittal plane

Answer 6

plane divided the body vertically into right and left. The only movements in the sagittal plane are flexion and extension

Question 7

Coronal/frontal plane

Answer 7

divided the body vertically into anterior and posterior. The only movements in the coronal plane are abduction and adduction.

Question 8

Horizontal/transverse plane

Answer 8

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior. Movements in this plane are rotation and supination/pronation. Most arm positions in asanas use external rotation of the humerus and pronation of the forearm.

Question 9

Flexion

Answer 9

When the angle of a joint such as the elbow or knee is narrowed, the movement is described as flexion. Also think of fetal position/child’s pose, uttanasana.

Question 10

Extension

Answer 10

The opening up of such joints, increasing the size of the angle. Locust pose.

Question 11

Abduction

Answer 11

Moving away from the midline

Question 12

Adduction

Answer 12

Moving toward midline

Question 13

Medial Rotation

Answer 13

When the rotation results in the anterior surface of the limb rotating toward the midline. The opposite is lateral rotation.

Question 14

Supination

Answer 14

The act of turning the palm to face forward. Pronation is the opposite.

Question 15

Inversion

Answer 15

Turning the sole of the foot to face medially. Eversion is the opposite.

Question 16

Concentric

Answer 16

(isotonic): the muscle shortens in overcoming resistance.

Question 17

Eccentric

Answer 17

(isotonic): the muscle lengthens while resisting gravity. Eccentric contractions modifies, smoothes, or puts the brakes on a movement.

Question 18

Static

Answer 18

(isometric): muscular force occurs but there is no change in muscle length.

Question 19

The Joint Capsule

Answer 19

The articulating bones of joint fit together loosely. They are enclosed in a sleeve of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue called the joint capsule.

Question 20

Synovial membrane

Answer 20

is the inner lining of the joint capsule. It secrets synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction between the bones. Movement increases the production of synovial fluid and warms it, making it less viscous and more fluid, which allows greater ease and range of motion. Synovial fluid also nourishes cartilage and cleans the joint cavity of debris.

Question 21

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 21

206

Question 22

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 22

is a shiny, slippery, water absorbing substance that coats the ends of articulating bones. It absorbs shock and prevents bones from rubbing against each other. Cartilage has no blood supply of it’s own.

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

are brands of connective tissue that passively reinforce the joint. They attach bone to bone and prevent undesired movement.

Question 24

Discs

Answer 24

are made of a dense connective tissue called fibrocartilage. They are important as shock absorbers. They are located between the vertebrae of the spine. Other similar structures of the body that have similar composition are the pubic symphysis and the menisci of the knee.

Question 25

Bursae

Answer 25

are sacs of synovial fluid that may also be present around a joint under muscles and tendons. They provide cushioning in areas of stress and friction.

Question 26

Tendons

Answer 26

attach muscle to bone by blending in with the bones and periosteum. Tendons strengthen and stabilize the joint.

Question 27

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 27

Fibrous, cartilaginous, snyovial

Question 28

The pelvis is made up of these 3 fused bones…

Answer 28

ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 29

The back of the pelvic bowl is called…

Answer 29

sacrum

Question 30

The two halves of the pelvis that are joined together at the front…

Answer 30

pubic symphysis

Question 31

The point protuberances at the front of the hip bones are called

Answer 31

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Question 32

Anterior tilt of the pelvis

Answer 32

ASIS moved forward and down

Question 33

Posterior tilt of the pelvis

Answer 33

ASIS moves backwards and up

Question 34

What are the strongest muscles of the hip flexors?

Answer 34

Psoas/Iliopsoas (navasana)

Question 35

What are some poses to stretch the hip flexors?

Answer 35

Vira 1 (back leg), pigeon (back leg), Extended Low Lunge, Setu Bandha Sarvangasana, Ustrasana

Question 36

What are the muscles of the hip extensors?

Answer 36

Hamstrings (semimembranosus, bicep femoris), Gluteus maximus

Question 37

What are the muscles of hip abductors and internal rotators?

Answer 37

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, Tensor fascia latae (TFL) and ITB

Question 38

What are the muscles of the hip adductors?

Answer 38

Pectineus, Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, gracilis

Question 39

What are the muscles of the knee joint?

Answer 39

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Popliteus

Question 40

What type of joint is the ankle?

Answer 40

Hinge

Question 41

What types of actions can the foot have?

Answer 41

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 42

Sacro-Iliac Joint (SIJ)

Answer 42

Joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the illium

Question 43

Tibio-Femoral Joint

Answer 43

Hinge joint that allows flexion, extension and some rotation