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FOM Week 1 > Anatomy Lecture 2: Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 2: Vertebral Column Flashcards

0
Q

Define vertebral body

A

Anterior bony mass having oval appearance from above and below. Also known as centrum.

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1
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column and how many segments are there in each?

A
  1. Cervical (7): C1-C7
  2. Thoracic (12): T1-T12
  3. Lumbar (5): L1-L5
  4. Sacral (5): S1-S5 fused together
  5. Coccygeal (4): fused together to form coccyx
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2
Q

Define vertebral arch

A

Posterior to vertebral body and formed by two pedicles and two laminae.

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3
Q

Define pedicles

A

Short, stout processes that project posteriorly from the body.

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4
Q

Define laminae

A

Broad, flat plates of bone that forms the posterior portion of the vertebral arch.

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5
Q

Define vertebral foramen

A

Formed by the posterior surface of the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. Successive foramen form the vertebral canal.

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6
Q

Name the vertebral processes

A
  1. Transverse process - lateral projections
  2. Spinous process - single posterior projection
  3. Articular processes (zygapophyses) - 2 superior w/ articular facet and 2 inferior w/ articular facet
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7
Q

How many vertebral notches per vertebrae and what do they form?

A

2 superior and 2 inferior notches and form intervertebral foramen for passage of nerves and blood vessels.

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8
Q

What are the unique characteristics of C1?

A
  1. Ring shaped with no body or spinous process
  2. Anterior and posterior arches: each arch has a tubercle. Anterior arch has a posterior facet for the dens of C2
  3. Superior/inferior facets on lateral mass, not on a zygapophysis
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9
Q

What are unique characteristics of C2?

A
  1. Dens (odontoid process) - has articular facet on anterior aspect
  2. Superior facet not on a zygapophysis, but inferior facets are on zygapophyses
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10
Q

What are unique characteristics of Cervical vertebrae?

A
  1. Foramen transversarium
  2. Bifid spinous processes (all cervical except C1 and C7)
  3. Small bodies and delicate arches
  4. Articular facets face superiorly and inferiorly
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11
Q

What are unique characteristics of C3-C7?

A
  1. C7 spinous process is easily palpated, vertebra prominens
  2. Anterior and posterior tubercles on transverse processes
  3. Uncinate process - lateral ridges along superior surfaces of bodies, form the uncovertebral joints
  4. Anterior lips on inferior surfaces of vertebral bodies
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12
Q

What are unique characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  1. Costotransverse facets - articulation with tubercle of ribs
  2. Costal hemifacets/demifacets on bodies, articulate with rib heads
  3. Bodies are heart-shaped
  4. Spinous processes are long, flat, and slant inferiorly
  5. Circular Vertebral foramina
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13
Q

What is an unique characteristic of T1?

A

Single facet for the head of 1st rib and demifacet for superior part of 2nd rib

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14
Q

What is an unique characteristic for T10?

A

Single facet partly on body and partly on pedicle for rib

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15
Q

What is an unique characteristic on T11 and T12?

A

Single facet on pedicles for ribs

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16
Q

What are unique characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  1. Bodies large and kidney-shaped
  2. Spinous processes are blunt, stocky, and project posteriorly
  3. Articular processes large and have additional mammillary processes
  4. Superior articular facets face medially, inferior face laterally
  5. Transverse processes long and slender
  6. Accessory process between mammillary and transverse process
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17
Q

What are characteristics and features of the sacral vertebrae?

A
  1. Large, triangular shape
  2. Base superiorly (articulates L5), apex inferiorly ( articulates coccyx)
  3. 4 pairs of dorsal/ventral sacral foramina
  4. Anterior surface smooth+concave, posterior surface rough+convex
  5. Features: median sacral crest, medial sacral crests, lateral sacral crests, vertebral canal, sacral hiatus, sacral cornua, auricular surface
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18
Q

Where and what is the sacral promontory?

A

The ventral projection of the sacral base

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19
Q

Where and what is the median sacral crest?

A

Posterior surface of the sacrum, fused rudimentary spinous processes of S1-S3/S4

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20
Q

What are the medial (intermediate) sacral crests?

A

Represent fused articular processes.

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21
Q

What are lateral sacral crests?

A

Tips of the transverse processes of fused sacral vertebrae.

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22
Q

Where is the sacral canal?

A

Superior portion of sacrum near sacral base.

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23
Q

Where is the sacral hiatus?

A

End of the vertebral canal on posterior sacrum near apex.

24
Q

Where and what is the sacral cornua?

A

Projects inferiorly on each side of the sacral hiatus. Represents the inferior articular processes of S5 vertebra

25
Q

Where and what is the Auricular surface?

A

Lateral surface of the sacrum. Synovial part of the sacroiliac joint.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the coccygeal vertebrae?

A
  1. Fusion of 4 rudimentary bones
  2. Remnant of the skeletal tail
  3. Represents bodies of vertebrae only
  4. No vertebral canal
  5. Attachment of muscles and ligaments
27
Q

What are characteristics of ribs (costae)?

A
  1. 12 pairs
  2. Head has 2 facets for articular with 2 adjacent vertebrae
  3. Neck is flattened portion that extends laterally from head
  4. Tubercle is on posterior surface at junction of neck and body, articulates with transverse process of vertebrae
  5. Body is thin, flat, has an internal/external surface, and superior/inferior border
  6. Additional features: costal angle, costal groove, and costal cartilage
28
Q

Where is the costal angle?

A

Where the rib turns anteriorly and inferiorly.

29
Q

Where and what is the costal groove?

A

Is along inferior border of rib, form intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve.

30
Q

Where and what is costal cartilage?

A

Attaches to body of rib anteriorly at the costochondral junction. Is hyaline cartilage.

31
Q

Which ribs are true, false, or floating?

A
  1. Ribs 1-7 are true due to attachment to sternum via costal cartilage
  2. Ribs 8-10 are false, indirectly attach to sternum through superior rib
  3. Ribs 11 & 12 are floating, no attachment to sternum
32
Q

What portion of length do joints between vertebral bodies contribute to the length of the spine?

A

Approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of vertebral column.

33
Q

What type of joint is between vertebral bodies?

A

A symphysis kind of cartilaginous joint design for weight bearing and strength.

34
Q

What role do intervertebral discs play in the vertebral column?

A

Act as shock absorbers, and variance in shape and thickness. Produces the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column.

35
Q

What are the 2 components of intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

36
Q

What is the Annulus fibrosus?

A

A ring of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; insert into the rib of bodies; provides a strong bond between adjacent vertebrae.

37
Q

What is the Nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatinous, highly elastic central core of intervertebral discs; has high water content that acts as a shock absorber and a semi-fluid ball bearing; avascular

38
Q

How does aging affect the intervertebral discs?

A

Aging causes dehydration and degeneration of discs, leading to height loss.

39
Q

What is a herniated disc and what are possible issues?

A

Formed by trauma leading to protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosis. Can compress spinal nerve causing acute back pain and/or sciatica.

40
Q

Where and what is the Anterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  1. Located and attached along anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.
  2. Helps prevent hyperextension of vertebral column
  3. Can be stretched as a result of whiplash
41
Q

Where and what is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  1. Located within vertebral canal and attached along posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and discs
  2. Helps prevent hyperflexion
42
Q

Where in the spine are there no intervertebral discs?

A

Between C1 and C2

43
Q

What type of joints are between vertebral zygapophyses?

A

Synovial joints of plane variety

44
Q

Where and what is the ligamentum flavum?

A
  1. Located between laminae of adjacent vertebrae
  2. Fibers extend to articular capsule of zygapophyseal joints and contribute to posterior boundaries of intervertebral foramina
  3. Highly elastic and yellowish
  4. Helps maintain upright posture
45
Q

Where and what is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Unites tips of the spinous processes

46
Q

Where and what is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Thickening of the supraspinous ligaments in the cervical region.

47
Q

Where are the interspinous ligaments?

A

Between the bases of the spinous processes

48
Q

Where are the intertransverse ligaments?

A

Between the transverse processes

49
Q

Where and what type of joints are costovertebral joints?

A
  1. Between head of the rib and 2 adjacent vertebrae, plus an IV disc
  2. Synovial joints
50
Q

Where and what type of joints are costotransverse joints?

A
  1. Between tubercle of rib and transverse process

2. Synovial joints

51
Q

What size trend is seen with vertebral bodies as they descend the vertebral column?

A

From superior to inferior, vertebral bodies gradually become larger approaching the sacrum, then get smaller

52
Q

What are primary and secondary curvatures of the spine?

A
  1. 2 primary curvatures (present in newborn) are thoracic and sacrococcygeal and are concave anteriorly
  2. 2 secondary curvatures (acquired) are cervical and lumbar and are concave posteriorly
53
Q

What produces the secondary curvature of the spine?

A

Variation in shape of intervertebral discs.

54
Q

What are spine abnormalities and their definitions?

A
  1. Scoliosis: enhanced lateral curvature, usually in thoracic region
  2. Kyphosis: enhanced anterior facing concavity, usually an enhanced thoracic curvature
  3. Lordosis: enhanced posterior facing concavity, usually an enhanced lumbar curvature
  4. Spina bifida
55
Q

What are 5 movements of the vertebral column as a whole?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Lateral flexion
  4. Circumduction
  5. Rotation
56
Q

What are characteristics of cervical spine movement and position of articular facets?

A
  1. Facets face superiorly and inferiorly
  2. Allows for all movements
  3. Flexion is most extensive due to loose and longer articular capsules
  4. Lateral bending is greatest in cervical and lumbar
57
Q

What are characteristics of thoracic spine movement and position of articular facets?

A
  1. Facets face anteriorly and posteriorly
  2. Allows rotation
  3. Lateral flexion severely limited due to rib attachments
  4. Flexion is almost non-existent
58
Q

What are characteristics of lumbar spine movement and position of articular facets?

A
  1. Facets face medially and laterally
  2. Allows for flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
  3. Extension and lateral bending most marked in lumbar region
  4. Rotation is prevented

FOM Week 1 (6 decks)

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