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FOM Week 1 > Anatomy Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

0
Q

Define the median (midsagittal) plane

A

Vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into equal right and left sides.

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1
Q

Name the Anatomical (cardinal) planes

A

Median (midsagittal) plane, Sagittal (parasagittal) plane, Coronal (frontal) plane, and Horizontal (transverse, axial) plane

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2
Q

Define the Sagittal (parasagittal) plane

A

Vertical planes that pass through the body parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into unequal right and left halves.

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3
Q

Define the coronal (frontal) plane

A

Vertical planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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4
Q

Define the horizontal (transverse, axial) plane

A

Planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

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5
Q

Definition of Superficial

A

Describes structures closer to the surface.

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6
Q

Definition of Deep

A

Describes structures farther from the surface.

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7
Q

Definition of Medial

A

Describes structures closer to the median plane.

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8
Q

Definition of Lateral

A

Describes structures farther from the median plane.

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9
Q

Definition of Anterior (ventral)

A

Describes structures closer to the front.

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10
Q

Definition of Posterior (dorsal)

A

Describes structures closer to the back.

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11
Q

Definition of Superior (cranial)

A

Describes structures closer to the head.

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12
Q

Definition of Inferior (caudal)

A

Describes structures closer to the feet.

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13
Q

Definition of Proximal

A

Describes structures closer to the point of origin or trunk.

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14
Q

Definition of Distal

A

Describes structures farther from the point of origin or trunk.

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15
Q

Definition of External (outer)

A

Describes structures toward or part of the surface.

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16
Q

Definition of Internal (inner)

A

Describes structures toward or part of the interior.

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17
Q

Definition of Central

A

Describes structures closer to the center.

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18
Q

Definition of Peripheral

A

Describes structures away from the center.

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19
Q

Definition of Parietal

A

Describes structures pertaining to the wall of a cavity.

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20
Q

Definition of Visceral

A

Describing structures pertaining to the covering of an organ.

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21
Q

Definition of Ipsilateral

A

Describes structures on the same side of higher body.

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22
Q

Definition of Contralateral

A

Describes structures on the opposite side of these body.

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23
Q

Definition of Flexion

A

Describes structures bending or decreasing the angle between body parts.

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24
Definition of Extension
Describes structures straightening or increasing the angle between body parts.
25
Definition of Abduction
Describes structures moving away from the median plane.
26
Definition of Adduction
Describes structures moving toward the median plane.
27
Definition of Rotation
Describes structures turning or revolving a part of the body about its longitudinal axis.
28
Definition of Medial (internal) rotation
Describes structures turning the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane.
29
Definition of Lateral (external) rotation
Describes structures turning the anterior surface away from the median plane.
30
Definition of Circumduction
Describes structures that move circularly combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
31
Definition of Supination
Describes structures rotating the hand and forearm about its longitudinal axis so that the palm faces anteriorly.
32
Definition of Pronation
Describes structures rotating the hand and forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly.
33
Definition of Eversion
Describes the sole of the foot moving away from the midline.
34
Definition of Inversion
Describes moving the sole of the foot toward the midline.
35
Definition of Protrusion (protraction)
Describes structures moving anteriorly.
36
Definition of Retrusion (retraction)
Describes structures moving posteriorly.
37
What are components of the skeletal system?
Bone, cartilages, and tendons.
38
What are 5 purposes of bone?
1. Supportive framework 2. Protection 3. Allows for movement 4. Storage for minerals or inorganic salts 5. Contains red bone marrow, production of blood cells
39
Components of the axial skeleton
``` A. Skull B. Hyoid bone C. Vertebrae D. 12 pairs of ribs E. Sternum ```
40
Components of the appendicular skeleton
A. Upper and lower limbs B. Limb girdles 1. Scapula and clavicle 2. Coxal (hip) bone (formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis)
41
Definition of long bone
Are tubular with length greater than width. Has a body with marrow cavity and two ends.
42
Definition of short bones
Cuboidal, found in wrist and ankle
43
Definition of flat (squamous) bones and examples
Consist two plates if compact bone with spongy bone and marrow in between. Function to protect and reinforce structures. Include bones in skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula
44
Definition of irregular bones and examples
Have various shapes other than long, short, or flat. Include all non-flat skull bones, vertebrae, and hip bones.
45
Definition of Sesamoid bones and example
Bones developed in tendons. Protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of these tendons. Includes the patella.
46
Definition of accessory (supernumery) bones and example
Extra bones developed from additional ossification centers and that did not fuse together. Includes sutural or Wormian bones in skull sutures.
47
What are 5 main features of bones?
1. Elevations or prominences 2. Depressed areas 3. Facets 4. Foramen 5. Meatus
48
What are names for linear bone elevations and which is the largest?
Crest, lines, and ridges. Crest is the most prominent.
49
Definition of condyles
Rounded, elevated articulations
50
3 names for large bone elevations
Processes, tuberosities, and trochanters
51
3 names for smaller bone elevations
Protuberances, tubercles, spines
52
4 names for bone depressions
Fossae, cavities, antra, and foveae
53
What is an elongated bone furrow or depression?
Groove or sulcus
54
What is a name for a bone indentation?
Notch or if a ligament bridges a notch, a foramen
55
Definition of a bone facet
Small, smooth flat areas of bone, usually where two bones come together and usually covered in hyaline cartilage
56
Definition of bone foramen
Hole or passage through bone
57
Definition of meatus
Opening in bone that does not have an exit
58
Definition of bone canal
Bone opening with an exit.
59
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
60
Definition of fibrous joints
Joints united by fibrous connective tissue.
61
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
1. Sutures of the skull 2. Syndesmosis 3. Gomphosis
62
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots on infants where the sutures from wide fibrous tissue. Usually closed by 18th month.
63
What is a synostosis?
Suture joints invaded by bone in adults, causing a bony union.
64
Definition of syndesmosis, is it movable, and example
Type of fibrous joint unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or fibrous membrane. Is partially movable. Includes interosseous membrane between radius and ulna.
65
Definition of gomphosis
Fibrous joint in which peg-like process fits into a socket articulation between the root of the tooth and alveolar process.
66
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1. Synchondrosis | 2. Symphysis
67
Definition of bone symphysis, is it movable, and examples
Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, and cartilaginous surfaces untied with fibrous cartilage. Slightly movable ie. joints between vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis.
68
Definition of synchondrosis and example
Articulating bones united with hyaline cartilage ie. epiphyseal plate.
69
What are 5 structures of synovial (diarthodial) joints?
1. Articular surfaces covered with articular (typically hyaline) cartilage 2. Articular cartilages separated by joint cavity 3. Enclosed by articular capsule: outer fibrous portion and inner synovial membrane 4. Fibrous portion of capsule strengthened by ligaments: part of the capsule (intrinsic ligaments) or outside (extrinsic ligaments) 5. Synovial membrane is vascularized and produces synovial fluid
70
Definition of bursa
Synovial membrane protrusion outside the join capsule forming a membrane pouch.
71
What are 2 additional features of synovial joints and examples?
1. Fibrocartilaginous articular discs: found in wrist or temporomandibular joint 2. Fibrocartilaginous rings: deepens articular surface, ie. glenoid labrum
72
What are 6 synovial joint classifications based on movement?
1. Plane joint: permits sliding in one plane ie. arcomion and clavicle 2. Hinge joint: movement in Sagittal plane, flexion/extension ie. elbow 3. Pivot joint: rotation of process around 1 axis ie. atlantoaxial joint 4. Condyloid: 2 directional in right angles to each other. Allow flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction ie. temporalmandibular joint 5. Saddle join: 2 plan movement ie carpometacarpal joint of thumb 6. Ball and socket: multiaxial, allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction ie. hip
73
What are two types of fascia and what are their characteristics?
1. Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia): loose connective tissue and fat 2. Deep fascia (investing deep fascia): membranous layer covering muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures
74
What are 3 types of muscle fascicle arrangements?
1. Parallel-fibered 2. Pennate 3. Fan-like
75
Definition of parallel-fibered muscles and example
Muscle fascicles running parallel to the line of pull ie. teres major m.
76
Definition of pennate muscles
Fascicles arranged in feather-like pattern, oblique to line of pull allowing for more fibers and force ie. deltoid m.
77
Definition of fan-like muscle
Fascicles arranged similarly to both parallel-fibered and pennate muscles ie. latissimus dorsi m.

FOM Week 1 (6 decks)

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