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FOM Week 1 > Anatomy Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

0
Q

Define the median (midsagittal) plane

A

Vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into equal right and left sides.

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1
Q

Name the Anatomical (cardinal) planes

A

Median (midsagittal) plane, Sagittal (parasagittal) plane, Coronal (frontal) plane, and Horizontal (transverse, axial) plane

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2
Q

Define the Sagittal (parasagittal) plane

A

Vertical planes that pass through the body parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into unequal right and left halves.

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3
Q

Define the coronal (frontal) plane

A

Vertical planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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4
Q

Define the horizontal (transverse, axial) plane

A

Planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

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5
Q

Definition of Superficial

A

Describes structures closer to the surface.

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6
Q

Definition of Deep

A

Describes structures farther from the surface.

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7
Q

Definition of Medial

A

Describes structures closer to the median plane.

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8
Q

Definition of Lateral

A

Describes structures farther from the median plane.

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9
Q

Definition of Anterior (ventral)

A

Describes structures closer to the front.

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10
Q

Definition of Posterior (dorsal)

A

Describes structures closer to the back.

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11
Q

Definition of Superior (cranial)

A

Describes structures closer to the head.

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12
Q

Definition of Inferior (caudal)

A

Describes structures closer to the feet.

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13
Q

Definition of Proximal

A

Describes structures closer to the point of origin or trunk.

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14
Q

Definition of Distal

A

Describes structures farther from the point of origin or trunk.

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15
Q

Definition of External (outer)

A

Describes structures toward or part of the surface.

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16
Q

Definition of Internal (inner)

A

Describes structures toward or part of the interior.

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17
Q

Definition of Central

A

Describes structures closer to the center.

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18
Q

Definition of Peripheral

A

Describes structures away from the center.

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19
Q

Definition of Parietal

A

Describes structures pertaining to the wall of a cavity.

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20
Q

Definition of Visceral

A

Describing structures pertaining to the covering of an organ.

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21
Q

Definition of Ipsilateral

A

Describes structures on the same side of higher body.

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22
Q

Definition of Contralateral

A

Describes structures on the opposite side of these body.

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23
Q

Definition of Flexion

A

Describes structures bending or decreasing the angle between body parts.

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24
Q

Definition of Extension

A

Describes structures straightening or increasing the angle between body parts.

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25
Q

Definition of Abduction

A

Describes structures moving away from the median plane.

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26
Q

Definition of Adduction

A

Describes structures moving toward the median plane.

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27
Q

Definition of Rotation

A

Describes structures turning or revolving a part of the body about its longitudinal axis.

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28
Q

Definition of Medial (internal) rotation

A

Describes structures turning the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane.

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29
Q

Definition of Lateral (external) rotation

A

Describes structures turning the anterior surface away from the median plane.

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30
Q

Definition of Circumduction

A

Describes structures that move circularly combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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31
Q

Definition of Supination

A

Describes structures rotating the hand and forearm about its longitudinal axis so that the palm faces anteriorly.

32
Q

Definition of Pronation

A

Describes structures rotating the hand and forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly.

33
Q

Definition of Eversion

A

Describes the sole of the foot moving away from the midline.

34
Q

Definition of Inversion

A

Describes moving the sole of the foot toward the midline.

35
Q

Definition of Protrusion (protraction)

A

Describes structures moving anteriorly.

36
Q

Definition of Retrusion (retraction)

A

Describes structures moving posteriorly.

37
Q

What are components of the skeletal system?

A

Bone, cartilages, and tendons.

38
Q

What are 5 purposes of bone?

A
  1. Supportive framework
  2. Protection
  3. Allows for movement
  4. Storage for minerals or inorganic salts
  5. Contains red bone marrow, production of blood cells
39
Q

Components of the axial skeleton

A 
A. Skull
B. Hyoid bone
C. Vertebrae
D. 12 pairs of ribs
E. Sternum
40
Q

Components of the appendicular skeleton

A

A. Upper and lower limbs
B. Limb girdles
1. Scapula and clavicle
2. Coxal (hip) bone (formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis)

41
Q

Definition of long bone

A

Are tubular with length greater than width. Has a body with marrow cavity and two ends.

42
Q

Definition of short bones

A

Cuboidal, found in wrist and ankle

43
Q

Definition of flat (squamous) bones and examples

A

Consist two plates if compact bone with spongy bone and marrow in between. Function to protect and reinforce structures.

Include bones in skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula

44
Q

Definition of irregular bones and examples

A

Have various shapes other than long, short, or flat. Include all non-flat skull bones, vertebrae, and hip bones.

45
Q

Definition of Sesamoid bones and example

A

Bones developed in tendons. Protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of these tendons. Includes the patella.

46
Q

Definition of accessory (supernumery) bones and example

A

Extra bones developed from additional ossification centers and that did not fuse together. Includes sutural or Wormian bones in skull sutures.

47
Q

What are 5 main features of bones?

A
  1. Elevations or prominences
  2. Depressed areas
  3. Facets
  4. Foramen
  5. Meatus
48
Q

What are names for linear bone elevations and which is the largest?

A

Crest, lines, and ridges. Crest is the most prominent.

49
Q

Definition of condyles

A

Rounded, elevated articulations

50
Q

3 names for large bone elevations

A

Processes, tuberosities, and trochanters

51
Q

3 names for smaller bone elevations

A

Protuberances, tubercles, spines

52
Q

4 names for bone depressions

A

Fossae, cavities, antra, and foveae

53
Q

What is an elongated bone furrow or depression?

A

Groove or sulcus

54
Q

What is a name for a bone indentation?

A

Notch or if a ligament bridges a notch, a foramen

55
Q

Definition of a bone facet

A

Small, smooth flat areas of bone, usually where two bones come together and usually covered in hyaline cartilage

56
Q

Definition of bone foramen

A

Hole or passage through bone

57
Q

Definition of meatus

A

Opening in bone that does not have an exit

58
Q

Definition of bone canal

A

Bone opening with an exit.

59
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
60
Q

Definition of fibrous joints

A

Joints united by fibrous connective tissue.

61
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures of the skull
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
62
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Soft spots on infants where the sutures from wide fibrous tissue. Usually closed by 18th month.

63
Q

What is a synostosis?

A

Suture joints invaded by bone in adults, causing a bony union.

64
Q

Definition of syndesmosis, is it movable, and example

A

Type of fibrous joint unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or fibrous membrane. Is partially movable. Includes interosseous membrane between radius and ulna.

65
Q

Definition of gomphosis

A

Fibrous joint in which peg-like process fits into a socket articulation between the root of the tooth and alveolar process.

66
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondrosis

2. Symphysis

67
Q

Definition of bone symphysis, is it movable, and examples

A

Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, and cartilaginous surfaces untied with fibrous cartilage. Slightly movable ie. joints between vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis.

68
Q

Definition of synchondrosis and example

A

Articulating bones united with hyaline cartilage ie. epiphyseal plate.

69
Q

What are 5 structures of synovial (diarthodial) joints?

A
  1. Articular surfaces covered with articular (typically hyaline) cartilage
  2. Articular cartilages separated by joint cavity
  3. Enclosed by articular capsule: outer fibrous portion and inner synovial membrane
  4. Fibrous portion of capsule strengthened by ligaments: part of the capsule (intrinsic ligaments) or outside (extrinsic ligaments)
  5. Synovial membrane is vascularized and produces synovial fluid
70
Q

Definition of bursa

A

Synovial membrane protrusion outside the join capsule forming a membrane pouch.

71
Q

What are 2 additional features of synovial joints and examples?

A
  1. Fibrocartilaginous articular discs: found in wrist or temporomandibular joint
  2. Fibrocartilaginous rings: deepens articular surface, ie. glenoid labrum
72
Q

What are 6 synovial joint classifications based on movement?

A
  1. Plane joint: permits sliding in one plane ie. arcomion and clavicle
  2. Hinge joint: movement in Sagittal plane, flexion/extension ie. elbow
  3. Pivot joint: rotation of process around 1 axis ie. atlantoaxial joint
  4. Condyloid: 2 directional in right angles to each other. Allow flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction ie. temporalmandibular joint
  5. Saddle join: 2 plan movement ie carpometacarpal joint of thumb
  6. Ball and socket: multiaxial, allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction ie. hip
73
Q

What are two types of fascia and what are their characteristics?

A
  1. Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia): loose connective tissue and fat
  2. Deep fascia (investing deep fascia): membranous layer covering muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structures
74
Q

What are 3 types of muscle fascicle arrangements?

A
  1. Parallel-fibered
  2. Pennate
  3. Fan-like
75
Q

Definition of parallel-fibered muscles and example

A

Muscle fascicles running parallel to the line of pull ie. teres major m.

76
Q

Definition of pennate muscles

A

Fascicles arranged in feather-like pattern, oblique to line of pull allowing for more fibers and force ie. deltoid m.

77
Q

Definition of fan-like muscle

A

Fascicles arranged similarly to both parallel-fibered and pennate muscles ie. latissimus dorsi m.

FOM Week 1 (6 decks)

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