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Block E -- Renal > Anatomy Lecture 2 -- Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 2 -- Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Upper attachments of the psoas major

A
  • Sides of vertebrae T12 to L5
    • IV discs
    • Transverse processes
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2
Q

Lower attachment of the psoas major

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur with iliacus muscle (iliopsoas)

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3
Q

Upper attachment of the psoas minor

A
  • Sides of vertebrae T12 to L1
  • IV discs
  • Transverse processes
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4
Q

Lower attachment of the psoas minor

A

Superior ramus of the pubic bone (pectineal line)

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5
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles that cross under the inguinal ligament

A
  • Psoas major
  • Iliacus
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6
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscle that passes over the inguinal ligament

A

Psoas minor

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7
Q

Upper attachment of the quadratus lumborum

A
  • Medial 1/2 of inferior border of the 12th rib
  • Transverse processes of L1 to L5
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8
Q

Lower attachment of the quadratus lumborum

A
  • Iliolumbar ligament
  • Iliac crest
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9
Q

Upper attachments of the iliacus

A
  • Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
  • Ala (wing) of sacrum
  • Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
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10
Q

Lower attachment of the iliacus

A

Tendon of psoas = iliopsoas

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11
Q

5 muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A
  • Psoas major
  • Psoas minor
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • Iliacus
  • Transversus abdominus
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12
Q

3 origins of the muscle fibres of the diaphragm

A
  • Sternum
  • Ribs (costal margin)
  • Lumbar vertebrae
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13
Q

Diaphragmatic muscle that wraps around the esophagus

A

Right crus

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14
Q

Diaphragmatic muscles on either side of the aorta

A

Right and left crus

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15
Q

Nerve that travels alongside the IVC. How does its corresponding nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A
  • Right phrenic nerve
  • Left pierces diaphragm on its own
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16
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm converge?

A

Central tendon

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17
Q

Ligament of the diaphragm that forms the hole through which the aorta enters

A

Median arcuate ligament

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18
Q

Ligament of the diaphragm that lets the psoas pass underneath

A

Medial arcuate ligament

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19
Q

Ligament of the diaphragm that lets the quadratus lumborum come through

A

Laterla arcuate ligament

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20
Q

Define the caval foramen

A

Hole in the central tendon through which the right phrenic nerve and lymphatics pass

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21
Q

How does the sympathetic trunk pierce the diaphragm

A

On either side of the abdominal aorta just inside the medial arcuate ligament

22
Q

Define somatic nerves

A

Any nerve that is not in the gut (i.e. arms, legs and body wall; motor and sensory)

23
Q

Define a reflex arc

A

A neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output

24
Q

Describe how the simplest spinal reflexes are mediated

A

3 element chain:

  • Sensory neurons
  • –> interneurons in the spinal cord
  • –> motor neurons

(–> means activate)

25
Q

2 roots that branch from the spinal cord and the structure that the subsequently form

A

Dorsal and ventral roots –> spinal nerve

26
Q

What does the spinal nerve branch into?

A

Dorsal and ventral rami (ramus singular)

27
Q

What do dorsal rami innervate?

A

The deep muscles of the back (motor)

Horizontal strips of skin (sensory)

28
Q

Alternative name for the ventral rami in the thoracic region

A

Intercostal nerves

29
Q

What are the communicating branches?

A

Rami communicantes, which go to each ganglion all the way down the sympathetic trunk to a point

30
Q

What do the lumbar nerves form when they join together?

A

Major nerves that go down the leg

31
Q

Identify these 7 nerves of the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Subcostal nerve
  2. Iliohypogastric nerve
  3. Ilioinguinal nerve
  4. Genitofemoral nerve
  5. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  6. Femoral nerve
  7. Obturator nerve
32
Q

Lumbar plexus nerve that crosses the iliacus

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (5)

33
Q

Lumbar plexus nerve the is on the lateral side of the psoas

A

Femoral nerve (6)

34
Q

Completely straight nerve of the lumbar plexus that goes down inside the pelvis through the obturator foramen

A

Obturator nerve (7)

35
Q

Nerve of the lumbar plexus that branches into a Y at the bottom

A

Genitofemoral nerve (4)

36
Q

How do the right and left vagus nerves enter the abdomen?

A

As the posterior and anterior vagal trunks, respectively, through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

37
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

Motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs except the suprarenal (adrenal) glands, from the neck to the second segment of the transverse colon

38
Q

From where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise?

A

Ventral rami of the S2 - S4

39
Q

Describe the trajectory of the pelvic splanchnic nerves from their origin

A
  1. Arise from ventral rami of S2 - S4
  2. Travel from each side of pelvis to corresponding inferior hypgastric plexus
  3. Travel to distal 1/3 of transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder and genitalia
  4. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres synapse in walls of organs
40
Q

Location of inferior hypogastric plexus

A

Bilaterally on the walls of the rectum

41
Q

Where do the white rami stop? What does this mean?

A
  • After L2
  • Preganglionic fibers must travel down the sympathetic chain from higher levels
42
Q

6 ganglia of the abdominal region

A
  1. Celiac
  2. Aorticorenal
  3. Superior mesenteric
  4. Inferior mesenteric
  5. Superior hypogastric
  6. Inferior hypogastric
43
Q

Sympathetic nerves that form the greater splanchnic nerve

A

T5, 6, 7, 8, 9

44
Q

Sympathetic nerves that form the lesser splanchnic nerve

A

T10, 11

45
Q

Function of the general visceral sensory (afferent) fibers (GVA)

A

Conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the viscera, glands and blood vessels to the central nervous system. (Considered to be part of ANS but afferent fibers are not classified as either sympathetic to para)

46
Q

From what is the cortex of the adrenal gland derived?

A

Mesoderm

47
Q

From what is the medulla of the adrenal gland derived?

A

Embryonic neural crest cells

48
Q

How are hte cells of the adrenal medulla innervated?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers (no postganglionic fibers)

49
Q

Define the cisternae chyli

A

Start of the thoracic duct

50
Q

What nerves do the GVA usually accompany? Which nerves are the exception?

A
  • Sympathetic efferent fibres
  • Abdominal GVA that DO NOT follow this pathway = those that innervate structures in the distal half of the sigmoid colon and the rectum (follow the path of the parasympathetic efferent fibers back to the vertebral column)

Block E -- Renal (4 decks)

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