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Block E -- Renal > Anatomy Lecture 1 -- Posterior Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 1 -- Posterior Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the structures

A
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2
Q

Normal mobility of kidneys

A

approx 3 cm

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3
Q

Location of kidneys in terms of vertebral level

A

Extend from T12 to L3 in erect position

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4
Q

How are the kidneys connected?

A

They are free except at the hilum

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5
Q

Dimensions of the kidneys

A
  • Length = 10 cm
  • Width = 5 cm
  • Hilum to edge = 2.5 cm
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6
Q

Which kidney is lower and why

A

Right due to the presence of the liver

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7
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds and packs the space around the kidney and what is its purpose

A

Fat = cushion for protection

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8
Q

Identify these structures

A
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9
Q

What layer covers the adrenal gland?

A

Renal fascia

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10
Q

Define the renal hilum

A

Indentation or cleft on medial border of the kidney

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11
Q

Define the renal sinus

A

Space inside the hilum of the kidney

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12
Q

What occupies the renal sinus space?

A

Perirenal fat

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13
Q

Define the renal pelvis

A

Dilated part of the ureter that is the transition from the inside of the kidney to the outside as the ureter

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14
Q

Define renal columns

A

Extensions of the cortex into the medulla between the renal pyramids

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15
Q

Number of renal pyramids

A

8 - 12

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16
Q

What is at the apex of the renal pyramid?

A

Renal papilla

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17
Q

Define the medullary ray

A

Striations extending into the cortex from the base of the renal pyramid

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18
Q

What layer surrounds the kidney and what is it made of?

A

Renal capsule = fibrous tissue

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19
Q

Identify the structures

A
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20
Q

Give the order of urine flow through the kidney

A

Minor calix –> major calix –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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21
Q

Identify these structures

A
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22
Q

Define the suprarenal glands

A

Adrenal glands

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23
Q

2 characteristics of the right suprarenal gland

A
  • Pyramidal or triangular shape
  • Caps the upper role of the right kidney
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24
Q

2 characteristics of the left suprarenal gland

A
  • Semilunar or crescent shape
  • Extends along the medial border of the left kidney from the upper pole to the hilum (until renal artery)
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25
Q

What is the right suprarenal gland posterior to?

A
  • Right lobe of the liver
  • IVC
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26
Q

What is the suprarenal artery anterior to?

A

Diaphragm

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27
Q

What is the left suprarenal gland posterior to?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
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28
Q

What is the left suprarenal gland anterior to?

A

Diaphragm

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29
Q

Identify these structures

A
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30
Q

Which renal vein is longer and why?

A

Left because the IVC is on the right side of the aorta, so the left renal vein has to cross over the aorta

31
Q

What vessel is anterior to the left renal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

32
Q

Where do the gonadal vein empty into?

A

Right = directly into the IVC

Left = left renal vein

33
Q

What kind of arteries are renal arteries?

A

Functional end arteries

34
Q

Define end arteries

A

When no anastomosis exists or when an anastomosis exists, but is incapable of providing a sufficient supple of blood (terminal arteries)

35
Q

2 types of end arteries

A
  • Anatomic (true)
  • Functional
36
Q

Define a true end artery and give an example

A

No anastomoses (i.e. those which supply the retina, so if you damage them, you lose that area of your retina)

37
Q

Define functional end arteries and give examples

A

Ineffectual anastomoses (i.e. those which supple segments of the brain, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestines and sometimes heart)

38
Q

4 types suprarenal vessels

A
  • Right and left superior suprarenal arteries
  • Right and left middle suprarenal artery
  • Right and left inferior suprarenal artery
  • Right and left suprarenal vein
39
Q

From where does the right superior suprarenal artery branch?

A

Inferior phrenic artery

40
Q

From where does the right middle suprarenal artery branch?

41
Q

From where does the right inferior suprarenal artery branch?

A

Renal artery

42
Q

To where does the left suprarenal vein empty?

A

Renal vein

43
Q

To where does the right suprarenal vein empty?

44
Q

What vessel joins the left suprarenal vein on its way to the IVC?

A

Left inferior phrenic vein

45
Q

Why is it more important for the cortex of the adrenal gland to have a rich blood supply in comparison to the medulla?

A

The cortex is regulated via neurtransmitters coming in from the circulatory system, NOT innervation

46
Q

Describe how the ureters acquire their blood supply

A
  • Initially = blood supply from renal glands
  • Afterwards = from gonadal vessels
  • Continuing more downwards = from any surrounding structure
47
Q

Structures anterior to the right kidney

A
  • Right lobe of liver
  • D2 of duodenum
  • Hepatic flexure of colon
  • Small bit of small intestine
48
Q

Structures anterior to the left kidney

A
  • Tail of pancreas
  • Body of stomach
  • Spleen
  • Splenic flexure of colon
  • Small intestine
49
Q

Length of the ureters

A

25 - 30 cm long

50
Q

What crosses the ureters anteriorly?

A

Gonadal vessels

51
Q

Define the ureters

A

Retroperitoneal muscular ducts bringing and storing urine from the kidneys to the bladder

52
Q

What do the ureters cross to enter the pelvis?

A

Bifurcation of the common iliac artery

53
Q

3 places where the ureters are normally constricted

A
  • Junction of the ureters and the renal pelvis (kidney hilum)
  • Where the ureters crosss the brim of the pelvic inlet (pelvic brim)
  • During their passage through the wall of the bladder (bladder entrance)
54
Q

What is the significance of the areas where the ureters constrict?

A

Potential sites of obstructoin (i.e. by kidney stones)

55
Q

Identify the internal structures of the bladder

56
Q

4 anatomical markings of the trigone

A
  • Ureteric orifice (where the ureters come in on each side)
  • Interureteric ridge (between ureteric orifices)
  • Urethral orifice
  • Uvula of the bladder (little bump)
57
Q

Define and describe the dtrusor muscle

A

Specialized smooth muscle that resembled the trabeculae carnae of the heart

58
Q

Describe the location of the median umbilical ligament

A

From the tip of the bladder onto the anterior abdominla wall (going up to the umbilicus)

59
Q

What structure was the median umbilic ligament?

60
Q

Identify these structures

61
Q

3 landmarks for the ureters

A
  • Over the psoas muscle and UNDER the gonadal vessels (artery and vein)
  • Cross the bifurcation of the common iliac
  • In pelvis, cross UNDER the vas deferens in males or round ligaments and uterine artery in females

(Denoted in circles in the image)

62
Q

Describe the trajectory of the vas deferens

A

Comes from the inguinal canal and travels to the back of the bladder by crossing OVER the ureter, picking up secretions from the seminal vesicle and fuses with it to form the ejaculatory ducts

63
Q

Location of prostate

A

Underneath the bladder, on top of the pelvic floor

64
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct enter into?

A

Prostatic urethra

65
Q

3 parts of the bladder

A
  • Superior surface
  • Base (at back)
  • Neck
66
Q

Location of the neck of the bladder

A

On top of the base of the prostate

67
Q

Describe the general anatomy of the prostate

A
  • Anatomical lobes
  • Functional zones
68
Q

What structure will cancers of the prostate usually push against?

A

Frotn wall of the rectum

69
Q

Location of bladder in females

A

Just in front of the anterior fornix of the vagina, with the uterus hovering over top

70
Q

3 unpaired arteries branching off the dorsal aorta

A
  • Celiac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric artery
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
71
Q

5 types of paired arteries that branch off the dorsal aorta

A
  1. Inferior phrenic artery
  2. Suprarenal artery
  3. Renal artery
  4. Testicular or ovarian artery
  5. Lumbar arteries
72
Q

2 terminal portions of the aorta

A
  • Common iliac on both sides
  • Median sacral artery in the middle
73
Q

8 veins draining into the IVC in the abdomen

A
  1. Hepatic vein
  2. Right and left inferior phrenic veins
  3. Right suprarenal vein
  4. Right and left renal veins
  5. Right gonadal vein
  6. 4 lumbar veins
  7. Right and left common iliac vein
  8. Median sacral vein

Block E -- Renal (4 decks)

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