Anatomy L14 - Biomechanics Flashcards
What is a tendon?
A tendon is a connective tissue structure that connects muscle to bone and is active
What is a ligament?
A ligament is a connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone and is passive
What is the muscle origin?
The muscle origin is the less movable attachment of a muscle. It is the fixed attach of a muscle that tends to be more proximal to the torso than the insertion.
What is the muscle insertion?
The muscle insertion is the more movable attachment of a muscle. It is pulled toward the origin and tends to like more distal to the torso than the origin.
What are circular muscles?
Circular muscles are also called sphincters because contraction of the muscle closes off an opening.
Ex. orbicularis oris
What are convergent muscles?
Convergent muscles are muscles that have widespread muscle fibers converging on a common attachment site. They are often triangular in shape.
Ex. Pectoralis major
What are parallel muscles?
Parallel muscles are when the fascicles run parallel to its long axis. These muscles have a central body, called the belly, or gaster.
Ex. sternocleidomastoid or biceps brachi
What are pennate muscles?
Pennate muscles are muscles that have one or more tendons extending through their body, and their fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon. All else being equal, these are the most powerful muscles. What is lost in the length of contraction is made up for by being able to pack more fascicles per unit area.
Ex. Deltoid, rectus femoris, and flexor pollicis longus
What is effort, as it applies to muscles as levers?
The Effort, or moment arm, is the work required by the muscles to do work on the Load
What is load, as it applies to muscles as levers?
The Load, or resistance arm, is what is being resisted or being moved.
What is the fulcrum, as it applies to muscles as levers?
The fulcrum is the point of movement in a lever, i.e. the joint in a muscle.
How do the load arms differ in the male and female pelvises in walking? How do the femoral angles differ?
The male load arm is shorter than the female load arm. The load arm is from the center of mass to the fulcrum (i.e. the acetabulum where the femur articulates with the os coxae)
The female femoral angle is greater than the male femoral angle.
