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Anatomy > Anatomy IV Exam > Flashcards

Anatomy IV Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerve is part of CNS?

A

CN II

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2
Q

What are the components of the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent)

VOLUNTARY + reflexes

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3
Q

Parietal lobe

A

receives sensory, initiates motor

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4
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing, speech, memory

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5
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor function of speech, temporal/frontal

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6
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehend/interpret words, temporal

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7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A 
31 pairs:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral 
1 coccygeal
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8
Q

Where does the first cervical nerve exit?

A

above first vertebra

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9
Q

spinal ganglia

A

convergence of spinal nerve roots

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10
Q

Layers of CNS (out to in)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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11
Q

What structure causes impingement of spinal nerves?

A

intervertebral discs (anteriorly to exiting nerves)

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12
Q

What composes the intervertebral disc and what’s its function?

A

annulus fibrosus exteriorly
nucleus pulposus in the center
connects vertebrae above and below

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13
Q

Herniated disc

A

nucleus pulposus push out of annulus fibrosus into nerve –> impingement

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14
Q

Sensory/Afferent nerves emerge from which nerve root?***

A

Dorsal nerve root

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15
Q

Motor/Efferent nerves emerge from which nerve root?***

A

Ventral nerve root

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16
Q

What happens to dorsal and ventral nerve roots coming out of spine?

A

sensory and motor nerve roots combine as one

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

higher-level thought process, large memory storage (coordinate w/other structures)

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18
Q

Subcortical area function

A

autonomic activities, emotional patterns

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19
Q

Involuntary reflex function

A

by spinal cord

afferent signals dont need to go to brain first –> immediately back out

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20
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system involve?

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Enteric
both PNS, CNS

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21
Q

sensory and motor neurons divided into?

A

visceral and somatic

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22
Q

What is contained in the dorsal horn?

A

interneurons receiving from somatic/visceral sensory neurons

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23
Q

What is contained in the ventral horn?

A

motor neurons

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24
Q

What are neurons highly sensitive to?

A

oxygen and glucose deprivation

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25
Q

What do motor neurons affect?

A

skeletal muscles
smooth muscles
endocrine/exocrine glands

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26
Q

Soma function

A

balance positive and negative impulses –> propagate single signal

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27
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround axons in PNS, produce myelin sheath (insulate signal conductor –> faster)

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28
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

loss of myelin from Schwann cell damage

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29
Q

function of enzymes at synapses

A

degrade NT

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30
Q

Interneuron function and function in reflex arc

A

integrative function: direct impulses

reflex: initial processing to produce immediate response bypassing brain

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31
Q

Grey matter***

A 
neuronal cell bodies*
capillaries*
glial cells
dendrites
"processing centers"
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32
Q

Different kinds of tracts of white matter

A

= axons

  • projection tracts: extend vertically between higher and lower brain structures
  • commissural tracts: connect L/R cerebrum
  • association tracts: connect diff regions in SAME hemisphere; link perceptual and memory centers
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33
Q

differences in white v grey matter in spinal cord and brain

A

brain: grey over white
spinal: white over gret

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34
Q

4 main classes of neurotransmitters and examples of each

A

amines: ACh
monoamines: catecholamines(EPI), serotonin
amino acids: GABA, glutamate
neuropeptides: beta endorphin, ACTH, oxytocin

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35
Q

Acetylcholine functions

A

primarily excitatory (skeletal)
but INHIBITORY in cardiac muscles
help regulate attention, arousal, memory

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36
Q

What is the primary NT in motor division of somatic nervous system

A

ACh

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37
Q

What NT receptor does nicotine stimulate?

A

ACh

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38
Q

What disease are associated w/ACh dysfunction?

A 
Alzheimer's (low ACh)
Myasthenia gravis (ACh receptor destruction)
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39
Q

NE

A

excitatory
regulate pulse, BP, mood
physical and mental arousal

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40
Q

EPI

A

excitatory
stress
elevated –> ADHD like

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41
Q

DA

A

usually inhibitory
signaling in voluntary mvmts
associated w/REWARD mechanism

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42
Q

Parkinson’s Disease pathology

A

decreased DA

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43
Q

What NT do drugs like cocaine, heroine, nicotine, opium and alcohol stimulate?

A

DA –> reward mechanism

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44
Q

Schizophrenia pathology

A

increased DA

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45
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory
inhibit pain pathways
significant in emotion, mood, anxiety

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46
Q

Decreased serotonin effects

A

depression, anger, suicidal, OCD

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47
Q

action of SSRIs

A

increase Serotonin

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48
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory

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49
Q

low level of GABA associated with what health problem?

A

anxiety-related disorders

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50
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory

learning and memory

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51
Q

most common NT in CNS esp brain?

A

Glutamate

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52
Q

What happens w/excess of glutamate?

A

neuron toxicity (ALS)

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53
Q

What is an associated NT pathology of ALS?

A

excessive glutamate

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54
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory

resembles opioid: reduce pain and stress, induce calmness, pleasure, serenity

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55
Q

“endogenous morphine”

A

endorphins

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56
Q

What NT allows animals to hibernate?

A

Endorphins

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57
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex (voluntary skeletal mvmt)

signal for R side mvmt originate L (vice versa)

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58
Q

central sulcus

A

between frontal and parietal lobe

also separates primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex

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59
Q

Voluntary motor pathway/Corticospinal tract

A

travel down axon from grey area of cortex –> cross over at lower MEDULLA –>

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60
Q

What spinal tract crosses over at lower medulla?

A

corticospinal
posterior column
the two are opposite directions

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61
Q

What spinal tract crosses over at the spinal cord?

A

spinothalamic

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62
Q

What information does the spinothalamic tract conduct?

A

pain and temperature

crude touch

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63
Q

What are the two sensory pathways?

A

spinothalamic tract

posterior column

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64
Q

What information does the posterior column conduct?

A

position and vibration

fine touch

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65
Q

What are the two motor pathways?

A

corticobulbar tract

corticospinal tract

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66
Q

Spinothalamic (sensory) tract pathway

A

crosses over at level of spinal cord where it enters and travels up to cortex

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67
Q

What happens in hemitransection of spinal cord?

A

affect pain/temp on contralateral side of lesion

affect position and vibration on ipsilateral side

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68
Q

Reflex arc pathway

A

muscle –> afferent sensory fiber –> posterior root ganglion –> posterior root –> posterior horn –> interneuron –> anterior horn –> root –> fiber –> muscle

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69
Q

craniosynostosis

A

suture line shut early, stop bone growth

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70
Q

pterion

A

where 4 suture lines come together, by temporal

prone to injury

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71
Q

What vessel is right under pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery - anterior branch

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72
Q

What is in the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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73
Q

Telencephalon

A

cortex
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus

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74
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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75
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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76
Q

Metencephalon

A

pons

cerebellum

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77
Q

Myelencephalon

A

medulla

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78
Q

corpus callosum

A

tract between hemispheres

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79
Q

gyrus

A

peaks of brain convolutions

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80
Q

longitudinal fissue

A

divides L/R hemisphere

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81
Q

sulcus

A

troughs of brain (central, lateral)

82
Q

pre/post central gyri

A

pre: motor
post: somatosensory

83
Q

What is frontal lobe divided into?

A

prefrontal
pre-motor: modifies
motor: voluntary

84
Q

What side of premotor cortex controls R movement?

A

L

85
Q

proprioception (limb position) is in which lobe?

A

parietal

86
Q

What’s stereognosis and what lobe is it in?

A

identify 3D object in hand

parietal

87
Q

parietal lobe functions

A

sensory: touch, pain, proprioception

process/integrate environment info

88
Q

L Temporal damage

A

remember what people said

89
Q

R Temporal damage

A

recall music/pics

90
Q

Which side of brain is Wernicke’s and Broca’s in 95% of people

A

L

91
Q

Global aphasia

A

complete absence of language/communication

92
Q

What is unaffected in Wernicke’s?

A

visual/auditory

93
Q

ataxia

A

loss of muscle coordination, cerebellum

94
Q

midbrain

A

regulates mvmt of eyes and head
origin or CN III, IV
corpora quadrigemina

95
Q

Pons

A

relays between cerebrum + cerebellum

pneumotaxic center

96
Q

Medulla

A

relays between brain + spinal cord

autonomic: BP, HR, Resp, vomit

97
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory and movement info between cerebrum and spine

98
Q

Limbic system structures

A

amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary bodies
cingulate gyrus

99
Q

Limbic function

A

emotional response to situation

100
Q

hippocampus

A

memory, learning

101
Q

Layers of dura mater

A

periosteal

meningeal

102
Q

Where is falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli

A

falx: sagittal
tentorium: horizontal

103
Q

What is in subarachnoid space?

A

CSF, vasculature

104
Q

Which layers of meninges does meningitis usually affect?

A

arachnoid, pia

105
Q

Where is CSF formed and what’s the pathway?

A

choroid plexus: lateral–>3rd–>4th–>subarachnoid

106
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed to?

A

sagittal sinus (to blood) by arachnoid villi

107
Q

Where is needle inserted in spinal tap?

A

between 3rd, 4th OR 4th, 5th

108
Q

What part of brain does basilar artery supply?

A

posterior

109
Q

What artery supplies anterior/middle portion of brain?

A

internal carotids

110
Q

What types of neurons are in Autonomic Nervous system?

A

preganglionic: soma in CNS
postganglionic: outside

111
Q

Where are sympathetic ANS preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

lower thoracic and lumbar on cord

parasymp: brain stem

112
Q

Integration center of ANS

A

Hypothalamus (parasymp: ant)

113
Q

limbic system

A

connect to hypothalamus

danger/stress signal

114
Q

Reticular formation

A

sleep and consciousness

115
Q

Where are parasympathetic ANS preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

brain stem (CN 3, 7 ,9 , 10) or sacral on cord

116
Q

Vagus nerve is a part of which fibers?

A

parasympathetic fibers

117
Q

Length of axons in parasympathetic and sympathetic

A

symp: postganglionic longer
para: pre longer

118
Q

What are the Cholinergic receptors and where are they?

A

nicotinic: postgang of symp and parasymp.
muscarinic: parasymp.

119
Q

What are the Adrenergic receptors and where are they?

A

alpha 1/2, beta 1/2

both in symp.

120
Q

What neurons are between the spinal cord and target organ in PNS and SNS?

A

Preganglionic

Postganglionic (innervate target organ)

121
Q

PREganglionic fibers of PNS and SNS: NT and where they synapse

A

ACh for both
SNS: paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia - short
PNS: by effector organ - long

122
Q

where does paravertebral ganglia connect to?

A

abdominal and pelvic organs

123
Q

where does preavertebral ganglia connect to?

A

myenteric plexus

124
Q

POSTganglionic fibers of PNS and SNS: what NT?

A

SNS: EP/NE, ACh - long
PNS: ACh - short

125
Q

What NT binds to muscarinic receptors?

A

ACh

126
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic ganglia
NO postganglia –> direct release into blood
(80%EPI/20%NE)

127
Q

What receptor does the SNS’s ACh bind to and what does it affect?

A

muscarinic –> sweat glands

128
Q

What receptor does the SNS’s NE/EPI bind to and what does it affect?

A

nicotinic –> smooth muscles and glands

PNS same except ACh

129
Q

Action of NE binding to Alpha 1 receptor

A

smooth muscle contraction

vasoconstriction

130
Q

Action of NE binding to Alpha 2 receptor

A

inhibits NE release
insulin secretion
promotes blood clotting

131
Q

Action of NE binding to Beta 1 receptor

A

HEART
increases HR and strength
stimulates renin release from kidneys

132
Q

Action of NE binding to Beta 2 receptor

A

LUNG
dilates blood vessels and bronchioles,
relax smooth muscle: digestion, urination, uterus

133
Q

What receptor does DA act on in ANS

A

alpha/beta/Da receptor agonist

134
Q

Da is a precursor of what NT

A

EPI

135
Q

Da effect in peripheral NS at low and high doses

A

low: vasodilation - Inc GFR in KIDNEYS
high: vasoconstriction - HEART; NE release

136
Q

Da effect in CNS

A

pleasure, motivation

137
Q

Serotonin effect in CNS

A

feeling of well-being

138
Q

Where is 90% Serotonin produced in and what is its function?

A

enterochromaffin cells of the GI tract

increase GI motility

139
Q

Acute serotonin syndrome

A

Hyperthermia
Agitation
Increased reflexes
Tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, diarrhea

140
Q

vasomotor tone

A

constriction/dilation to vessel to maintain BP

141
Q

ANS reflex - Baroreceptor (aorta and carotid sinus)

A

carotid sinus (CN9) and aorta (CN10) sense BP rise –> afferent –> efferent –> vasodilation

142
Q

Visceral reflex of BP changes

A

baroceptors –> heart rate adjustment

143
Q

What target organs are only innervated by sympathetic fibers?

A

Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles, some sweat glands & many blood vessels

144
Q

SLUDGE = Parasympathetic effects on visceral organs***

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI functions, emesis

145
Q

mydriasis v miosis

A

mydriasis: pupil dilation
miosis: constriction

146
Q

what does pilocarpine drug do in glaucoma?

A

act via muscarinic receptor

promote outflow of vitreous fluid to reduce intraocular pressure

147
Q

What the enteric nervous system do?

A

Glandular secretion, blood flow, peristalsis

148
Q

What heart node does SNS, PNS target?

A

SNS: SA
PNS: AV

149
Q

MoA of ADRENOGENIC ANTAGONIST & SYMPATHOLYTIC

A

Inhibiting transport into synapses
Reduce Release from nerve terminal
Alpha blockers
Beta blockers

150
Q

Where does sperm mature and store?

A

head of epididymis

store in tail

151
Q

cremaster muscle

A

elevates testes

skeletal muscle

152
Q

dartos muscle

A

contracts to pull scrotum upwards based on temp
gives scrotum wrinkled appearance
smooth muscle

153
Q

raphe

A

ride between two halves of scrotum, perineum, penis

154
Q

spermatic cord

A

vascular, nerve, lymph supply of testes and vas deferens

155
Q

function of septum

A

so testes don’t wrap around one another

156
Q

optimal temperature for sperm development

A

3-4C below body
91-93F
Cremaster and dartos muscles

157
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

parietal and visceral layers of testes

158
Q

tunica albuginea

A

capsule of testes

159
Q

where is tunica vaginialis derived from?*

A

peritoneum prior to descent of testes

160
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

begins at puberty

161
Q

blood testis barrier*

A

sertoli cells connected by tight-junctions
isolate sperm from rest of body
transport developing cells

162
Q

sertoli cells

A

“mother” cells

163
Q

leydig cells

A

in interstitial tissue of septum between seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone, stimulated by LH
promote spermatogenesis

164
Q

ejaculatory duct is composed of:*

A

vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle (60%; fructose*)

165
Q

prostate produces what percent of semen?

A

30% alkaline fluid: neutralize acidic fluid and support sperm

166
Q

What does bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce?*

A

pre-ejaculate: lubricate, flush out, neutralize urethra

167
Q

What branch of nervous system causes tumescence*

A

parasympathetic

168
Q

Sensory nerve supply of penis

A

pudendal –> deep perineal –> doral n.

169
Q

What compound is involved in tumescence and what happens?

A

Nitric oxide: increases arterial flow

vein pinched off

170
Q

What branch of nervous system causes detumescence

A

sympathetic

171
Q

Arteries of spinal cord

A

(2) spinal a.
(1) radicular a.
(branches of vertebral)

172
Q

Venous drainage of spinal cord

A

spinal and radicular v. (valveless to anastamose) –> int/ext vertebral plexuses –> systemic segmental v. and drual v. sinuses

173
Q

conus medullaris

A

where spinal cord terminates at 2nd lumbar vertebra

174
Q

filum terminale

A

fibrous tissue that attaches coccyx to vertebral bodies, anchors
from dura mater

175
Q

layers of dura mater

A

endosteal
meningeal
dural sinus in between

176
Q

arachnoid mater

A

avascular

csf in subarachnoid space (continue to S2)

177
Q

denticulate ligament

A

lig from pia to dura

178
Q

pia

A

very vascularized

179
Q

patellar reflex dermatome

A

L4

180
Q

Achilles dermatome

A

S1

181
Q

Unbilicus

A

T10

182
Q

Groin

A

L1

183
Q

Rectum dermatome

A

S4, 5

184
Q

Lateral horn

A

in thoracic spine only

innervate visceral and pelvic organs (heart, lungs, abs)

185
Q

divisions of dorsal column

A 
Gracile Fasciculus (T6 and up)
Fasciculus Cuneatus (below T6)
186
Q

causes of dorsal column damage

A

Syphilis, alcoholism, Vit B deficiencies, DM

ipsilateral

187
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

contralateral damage

188
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

does not deccusate
unconscious proprioception: aware body position
ipsilateral damage

189
Q

corticospinal tract*

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles on OPPOSITE side

crosses over at medulla

190
Q

tracts responsible for subconscious control of balance, muscle tone, limb position

A

Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal

191
Q

UMN syndrome

A

spastic
increase deep tendon reflex
pos babinski sign

192
Q

LMN syndrome

A

flaccid paralysis
absent deep reflex
has superficial reflex

193
Q

Rubrospinal

A

Sends information to flexor and extensor muscles

194
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

reflex movements of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli

195
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Sends information to cause eye movements and activate respiratory muscles

196
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Sends information from inner ear to maintain head position

197
Q

what does autonomic reflexes have that skeletal muscles (somatic reflexes) not have?

A

pre/postganglionic fiber

198
Q

ALS

A

UM and LM signs

atrophy, hyperreflexia, spasticity

199
Q

Polio

A

attack anterior horn - paralysis

200
Q

Guillain-Barre

A

attacks myelin sheath

sensory and lower motor neuron loss

201
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

incomplete spinal cord lesion
from blunt trauma
1. ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, position sense and
tactile discrimination
2. contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
below the level of lesion

Anatomy (4 decks)

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