anatomy- heart and lungs

Question 1

circulatory and cardiovascular

Answer 1

circulatory- organ system transporting oxygen carbon dioxide, nutrients
cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic system

Question 2

pulmonary circulation (lungs)

Answer 2

• oxygen depleted blood
• passes from heart to lungs
• returns oxygenated blood to heart

Question 3

systemic circulation (rest of body)

Answer 3

• oxygen rich blood
  -passes from heart to rest of body
• returns deoxygenated blood to heart

Question 4

mediastinum

Answer 4

super mediastinum
- upper portion T1 posteriorly- superior aspect
- lower portion- sternal angle- landmark for 2nd rib

inferior mediastinum
- anterior (fat and thymus)
- middle (heart)
- posterior (aorta, oesophages)

Question 5

heart- structure, pericardium

Answer 5

pericardium- 2 layers
fibrous (tough outer layer which anchors heart to diaphragm). it prevents rapid over-filling of the heart but can also restrict if there is an accumulation of fluid (pericardial effusion) compressing the heart, especially its right side and reducing the cardiac output
- pericardial space, has a small amount of lubricating serous fluid which reduced friction of the layers during beating of the heart

Question 6

heart structure- serous

Answer 6

• has 2 layers
• outer visceral layer and inner parietal

Question 7

heart strucutre- cava and trunk

Answer 7

superior vena cava- SVC, deoxygenated blood from head and neck and upper limbs
inferior vena cava IVC- deoxygenated blood from below level of heart eg, abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries L/R and on to lungs

Question 8

aorta

Answer 8

• coronary arteries
• brachiocephalic trunk (right common carotid artery (head and neck))
• left common carotid artery (head and neck)
• left subclavian artery (upper limb)

Question 9

foetal circulation

Answer 9

• ducts venosus: allows blood to bypass liver (30% of maternal blood) to the inferior vena case, at birth this closes and becomes the ligament venosum
• foramen ovate: allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium

Question 10

systemic circulation of the foetus

Answer 10

if blood passes into the right ventricle rather than it going to the non-functioning and breathing lungs in utero, the ducts arteriousus links the pulmonary trunk with the aorta. This allows blood to flow into the systemic circulation of the foetus
- umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood back to the placenta

Question 11

fossa ovalis

Answer 11

• embryonically remnant of the patient foramen ovale in foetal life.
• this used to allow blood to flow between the right atrium and the left atrium

Question 12

aortic sinuses

Answer 12

• dilatations just above the aortic valve. there are 3 of these and from 2 arise the left and right coronary arteries

Question 13

right partial appendage

Answer 13

-additional part of the right atrium. this is typically used as the site for an external pacemaker to be positioned

Question 14

crista terminalis

Answer 14

• at the opening of the right atrial appendage and is the site of origin of the pectinate muscles

Question 15

musculi pectinati

Answer 15

allows for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium

Question 16

orifice (opening) of coronary sinus

Answer 16

• where the venous blood from the heart enters

Question 17

pulmonary veins

Answer 17

2 on left and 2 on right carrying oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Question 18

left ventricle

Answer 18

• approx 3x thicker than the right as it has to pump blood into the systemic circulation
• the right is smaller and less powerful as it pumps blood to the lungs only

Question 19

heart chambers- septal defects ASD/VSD

Answer 19

Atrial septal defect/ventricular septal defect: present at birth. Small holes sometimes close themselves and larger one will compromise the lungs and heart due to increased blood pressure

Question 20

AVSD- atrioventricular septal defect

Answer 20

• require surgery as it will compromise the patient leading to problems with breathing, racing heart, weak pulse and cyanosed and tiring easily.

Question 21

heart valves

Answer 21

posterior- tricuspid (3 leaflets) and mitral (2 leaflets)
anterior- aortic and pulmonary valve

Question 22

chordae tendinae

Answer 22

• heart strings that connect to the papillary muscles and prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves flipping back into the atria during ventricular contractions (systole)

Question 23

atrioventricular valve open

Answer 23

1) blood returning to the heart fills atria, putting pressure against atrioventricular valves, atrioventricular valves forced open.
2) as ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps hang limply into ventricles
3) atria contracts, forcing additional blood into ventricles

Question 24

atrioventricular valve closed

Answer 24

1) ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valve cusps
2) atrioventricular valves close
3) papillary mulches contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria

Question 25

semilunar valve

Answer 25

• half moon shaped structures and these are the aortic and pulmonary valves.
• these do not have chordae tendinae unlike the mitral and tricuspid valves.
• they hold the blood here to prevent back flow into the right and left ventricles

Question 26

semilunar valve open

Answer 26

as ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open

Question 27

semilunar valve closed

Answer 27

• as ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close

Question 28

end arteries

Answer 28

only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue. these vessels exist in the spleen (splenic artery), liver, intestines, ends of digits, ears, nose and penis
- in the heart, it can result in ischaemia causing collateral circulation to develop. this is new blood vessels growth to pass around the area of reduced blood supply.

Question 29

conducting sysytem

Answer 29

sinoatrial node generates electrical signals and is the pacemaker of the heart (controls heart rate)

moderator band- allows for more rapid conduction across to the anterior papillary muscle and helps with conduction times.

purkinje fibres specialised conducting fibres, bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles, thus maintaing our regular heart rate.

Question 30

respiratory tract

Answer 30

function
- conduction if air
- respiration
- protection against pathogens

Question 31

structure of respiratory tract

Answer 31

upper -nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
lower- trachea
primary bronchi
lungs

Question 32

upper respiratory tract

Answer 32

nasopharynx- base of skull to soft palate
oropharynx- soft palate to epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
laryngopharynx- epiglottis to where the bifurcation occurs to the oesophagus and the trachea

Question 33

lower respiratory tract

Answer 33

right bronchus- vertical, greater diameter and shorter than left main bronchus
foreign bodes more likely to go to right broncos
- bronchi: superior and inferior lobe bronchus in both left and right lungs and in the right lung there is also the middle lobe bronchus

Question 34

respiratory epithelium

Answer 34

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 35

surfactant

Answer 35

secreted by the type II pneuomocytes and increases lung compliance and prevents collapse, or atelectasis of the lungs at the end of expiration
- produced from week 24-28, and enough production occurs by week 34 out of 40 week gestation