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805 - Exam 3 > Anatomy - GI Development > Flashcards

Anatomy - GI Development Flashcards

1
Q

During week 4, the primitive gut tube is incorporated into embryo with

A

embryonic folding

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2
Q

The gut tube forms from

A

dorsal (upper) portion of the endoderm lined yolk sac

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3
Q

Longitudinal folding results in a

A

blind tube forming at the cranial and caudal ends
- foregut and hindgut

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4
Q

As folding progresses, opening of gut tube into the yolk sac narrows to form the

A

vitelline (yolk) stalk/duct

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5
Q

the vitelline (yolk) duct will do what prior to birth

A

degenerate

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6
Q

Deep depressions start to form in the surface of the ectoderm, what are the cranial and caudal ends called

A

cranial end - stomodeum
caudal end - proctodeum

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7
Q

Bilayered membranes at the stomodeum and proctodeum

A

cranial end - oropharyngeal membrane
caudal end - cloacal membrane

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8
Q

the gut tube is lined with

A

endoderm

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9
Q

the gut tube extends from

A

the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane

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10
Q

what ruptures early in week 4?

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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11
Q

what contributes to forming the muscular and connective tissue components of the gut

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

what are the exceptions to the regions that are supplied by the celiac trunk

A

pharynx, respiratory tract, thoracic esophagus

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13
Q

what makes up the ventral mesentery

A

lesser omentum
falciform ligament

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14
Q

what makes up the dorsal mesentery

A

greater omentum
mesentery proper
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon

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15
Q

what gives rise to the stomach in week 4

A

the caudal foregut

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16
Q

what does the stomach do in week 4

A

enlarges and rotates 90 degrees CLOCKWISE around a longitudinal axis

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17
Q

original dorsal surface and original ventral surface of the stomach becomes what surfaces

A

dorsal = left
ventral = right

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18
Q

what portion of the stomach grows fastest

A

dorsal portion grows faster than the ventral portion

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19
Q

which directions do the caudal and cephalic portions move

A

caudal = upward
cephalic = downward

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20
Q

due to the 90 degree clockwise rotation, what do the vagus nerves become?

A

left vagus nerve - anterior vagal trunk
right vagus nerve - posterior vagal trunk

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21
Q

Stomach is suspended from the dorsal wall by _______ and from ventral wall by _________

A

dorsal mesentery (mesogastrium)
ventral mesentery (mesogastrium)

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22
Q

the dorsal mesogastrium is carried to the ______ side of the peritoneal cavity

A

left side

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23
Q

the dorsal mesogastrium forms the

A

greater omentum

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24
Q

the ventral mesogastrium is carried to the _____ side the peritoneal cavity

A

right side

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25
Q

the ventral mesogastrium forms the

A

lesser omentum and falciform ligament

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26
Q

Left side of the peritoneal
cavity is stretched to form
the _________

A

greater peritoneal sac

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27
Q

Right side of the peritoneal
cavity is pushed behind the
stomach/lesser omentum
to form the ___________

A

lesser peritoneal sac

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28
Q

Spleen is not derived from the ?

A

gut tube

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29
Q

when does development of the primordial spleen begin

A

week 5

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30
Q

what does development of the primordial spleen appear as

A

mesodermal proliferation

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31
Q

what does the primordial spleen develop between

A

layers of dorsal mesogastriun

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32
Q

Duodenum is derived from the _____ and ________

A

caudal foregut and cranial midgut

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33
Q

What is the dual blood supply of the duodenum

A

celiac trunk - foregut
SMA - midfut

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34
Q

what is the dual sympathetic innervation of the duodenum

A

greater splanchnic - foregut
lesser splanchnic - midgut

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35
Q

regarding the duodenum, the two segments grow rapidly, forming a C-shaped loop that projects ________
toward the umbilical cord

A

ventrally

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36
Q

Rotation of the ________
rotates the duodenal loop
__________

A

stomach

clockwise 90°

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37
Q

regarding the duodenum, the initially ventrally projecting C-shaped loop is now projecting on the _____- side of
body

A

right

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38
Q

Reduction of the _______ will push
duodenum into a ______________ position

A

midgut

secondarily retroperitoneal

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39
Q

After reduction of the midgut, what happens to the dorsal mesoduodenum and the duodenum ?

A

Dorsal mesoduodenum is absorbed, remains attached to a portion of the 1st part of the duodenum, remains INTRAPERITONEAL

The duodenum (all of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th portions become fixed; retroperitoneal)

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40
Q

During weeks 5-6, duodenum lumen becomes

A

progressively smaller

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41
Q

during weeks 5-6 of duodenum formation, the duodenal epithelium is _________ and ________ the lumen

A

proliferating

occluding

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42
Q

during weeks 8-9 of duodenum formation, ________ occurs and what degenerates?

A

recanalization occurs

occlusion is breaking down as epithelial cells degenerate

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43
Q

what 2 things happen if recanalization is incomplete or fails to occur?

A

duodenal stenosis
duodenal atresia

44
Q

lumen is narrowed due to failed recanalization

A

duodenal stenosis

45
Q

lumen is occluded due to failed recanalization

A

duodenal atresia

46
Q

what is associated with in-utero polyhydramnios due to low intestinal reabsorption of amniotic fluid

A

duodenal atresia

47
Q

what 2 endodermal foregut outgrowths does the pancreas develop as

A

dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud

48
Q

dorsal pancreatic bud grows between

A

dorsal mesentery

49
Q

dorsal pancreatic bud is connected to the foregut by a

A

dorsal pancreatic duct

50
Q

the ventral pancreatic bud grows between

A

ventral mesentery

51
Q

ventral pancreatic bud is connected to foregut by a

A

ventral pancreatic duct

52
Q

Stomach/duodenum rotation
carries the ___________ posteriorly to dorsal bud

A

ventral pancreatic bud

53
Q

the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse into single pancreas during

A

week 6

54
Q

the ventral bud contributes to the

A

inferior portion of head

uncinate process

55
Q

the dorsal bud contributes to the

A

superior portion of head, neck, body, and tail of pancreas

56
Q

what forms the main pancreatic duct

A

distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct

entire ventral pancreatic duct

57
Q

what forms the accessory pancreatic duct

A

proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct

58
Q

Rotation of the
_____________-
places pancreas into a
posterior position

A

stomach/duodenum

59
Q

Reduction of the midgut
will push pancreas into a

A

secondarily retroperitoneal position

60
Q

what occurs when components of the ventral pancreatic bud fail to fuse and rotate around the duodenum

A

annular pancreas

61
Q

during the middle of week 3: the liver, gallbladder, and biliary duct system
develop from the

A

hepatic diverticulum (ventral endodermal outgrowth)

cranial and caudal portions of the outgrowth

62
Q

Larger cranial portion develops
into the liver –> it grows rapidly during weeks __ to __ and fills most of the _______

A

weeks 5 to 10
fills most of the abdomen

63
Q

By week 10, the liver is
approximately _____ of the total
embryonic weight

A

10%

64
Q

hematopoiesis begins in week

A

6

65
Q

bile production begins in week

A

12

66
Q

by birth the liver is only ____ of total body weight

A

5%

67
Q

the larger cranial portion develops into the liver and grows between the

A

ventral mesogastrium layers

68
Q

what 2 parts does the ventral mesogastrium layers divide into

A

lesser omentum component

falciform ligament component

69
Q

Portion of liver in contact with
the ___________-
becomes the bare area of the
liver

A

septum transversum

70
Q

Smaller caudal portion of
the hepatic diverticulum develops into the ______ and _______

A

gallbladder

cystic duct

71
Q

Connection between hepatic
diverticulum and gut tube narrows
forming the

A

common bile duct

72
Q

the midgut is supplied by the

A

SMA

73
Q

In a 5-week embryo,
midgut openly communicates with the
_______ via the _______

A

yolk sac

yolk stalk (vitelline duct)

74
Q

what reduces the communication to the yolk stalk to a narrow yolk stalk (vitelline duct) and it is lost when?

A

embryonic folding

by birth

75
Q

Midgut forms a ventral U-shaped loop around the _____ 90 degrees _____

A

axis of the SMA, counter-clockwise

76
Q

Dorsal mesentery attaches the midgut to the

A

posterior body wall

77
Q

Midgut loop herniates into the

A

primitive umbilical cord space

78
Q

when does physiological umbilical herniation occur

A

between weeks 6 and 10

79
Q

physiological umbilical herniation –> midgut limbs (loops) –> what are the 2 called?

A

cranial and caudal limb

80
Q

the cranial limb develops into the

A

small intestine (distal duodenum, jejunum, more proximal ileum)

81
Q

the caudal limb develops into the

A

distal ileum, cecum, ascending, and proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon

82
Q

Midgut ends rotation with the cranial limb on the _____ side of abdominal cavity

A

right

83
Q

Midgut ends rotation with the caudal limb on the _____ side of abdominal cavity

A

left

84
Q

Cranial limb grows rapidly forming many

A

intestinal loops

85
Q

when does reduction of the midgut hernia occur

A

during week 10

86
Q

reduction of the midgut hernia causes intestines to return to

A

embryonic body

87
Q

reduction of the midgut occurs because of which 3 reasons

A

Expansion in the size of peritoneal cavity

Decrease in relative size of the liver

Regression of mesonephric kidneys

88
Q

The midgut rotates another 180°
counter-clockwise around the

A

SMA

89
Q

after the midgut rotates another 180 degrees counter-clockwise around the SMA, _______ is the first to re-enter abdominal cavity

A

the cranial limb

90
Q

_____ is the last part to enter and settles in the right upper quadrant

A

Cecal bud (adult cecum)

91
Q

what will the cecal bud (adult cecum) descend into eventually

A

right iliac fossa

92
Q

The distal end of the cecal bud forms a _____ at week ___

A

small diverticulum or pouch that will be the appendix

week 8

93
Q

Inferior portion of anal canal develops
from

A

ectoderm

94
Q

Expanded caudal portion of the hindgut is called the

A

cloaca (‘sewer’)

95
Q

the cloaca is lined with

A

endoderm

96
Q

the cloaca receives

A

embryonic urinary and digestive products

97
Q

Cloacal membrane lies at the _____
boundary of the cloaca

A

ventral

98
Q

cloacal membrane boundary composed of endoderm of
______ and ectoderm around the
______

A

hindgut

proctodeum

99
Q

Cloaca is partitioned by the _____

A

urorectal septum (layer of mesoderm)

100
Q

ventral derivative - urogenital sinus

what components?

A

urinary system (bladder/urethra)

101
Q

dorsal derivative - anorectal canal

what components?

A

anorectal canal (rectum and superior anal canal)

102
Q

as the embryo grows and folds, the urorectal septum reaches the

A

cloacal membrane

103
Q

the cloacal membrane divides into

A

urogenital membrane (more anterior)

anal membrane (more posterior)

104
Q

Ectoderm around the proctodeum starts to proliferate and invaginates to form the ____

A

anal pit

105
Q

During week 7, the anal membrane ruptures, bringing what into communication with each other?

A

the lower anal canal
into communication with the upper (superior) anal canal

106
Q

What marks the transition in germ layer, blood supply/drainage, innervation, and lymphatic drainage

A

pectinate line

107
Q

Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the intestine wall due to a failure of neural crest cell migration leads to what disease?

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease (congenital megacolon)

805 - Exam 3 (4 decks)

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