Anatomy GI Flashcards
The superior epigastric artery is a continuation of what?
internal thoracic (mammary) arteries
The internal thoracic arteries are branches of what?
The internal thoracic artery (internal mammary artery) is a long, paired vessel that originates from the proximal part of the
subclavian artery.
Subclavian artery branches: Mnemonic:
‘Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily’. It covers the following structures:
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Inferior thyroid artery
Superior cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Costocervical trunk
Supreme intercostal artery
Deep cervical artery
What is the motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm?
phrenic nerves
What nerve provides PNS to the organs of the thorax and abdomen?
vagus nerves
At what level is the oesophageal hiatus?
T10
Remeber:
aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8
What level is the IVC opening
T8
Remeber:
aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8
What level is the aortic hiatuus
T12
Remeber:
aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8
When does the primordial gut tube develop?
4th week of human development
What is the primordial gut tube derived from?
Endoderm lining the yolk sac
Name the parts the primordial gut tube is divided into?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
What is the artery of the foregut?
celiac trunk
Name the Foregut Structures
Primordial pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver
Where is the duodenum proximal to?
The opening of bile gut
Name the constrictions of the oesophagus
Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic
Where is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus found?
15cm from incisor teeth C6
What is the cervical constriction of the oesophagus called?
Pharyngo-esophageal
Where is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus found?
Crossed by arch of aorta and left main bronchus T4
Where does the diaphragmatic constriction of the oesophagus pass?
Though the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragmatic t10
What is the thoracic constriction of the oesophagus called?
Broncho-aortic
Name the parts of the stomach?
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part
How many curvatures are in the stomach?
2
Define pyloric sphincter
Ring of smooth muscle that connects the stomach and small intestine
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum
What artery is apart of the stomach bed?
Splenic artery
Name the organs of the stomach bed
Spleen
Left kidney
Pancreas
Transverse mesocyclone
Colon
Name the muscles of the stomach bed
Diaphragm
Name the gland of the stomach bed
Adrenal gland
How much bile can the gallbladder hold?
50ml
What is the function of biliary ducts?
Carry bile from the liver to gallbladder
What is the artery of the gallbladder?
cystic artery
Where is bile produced and stored?
produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
Where does the cystic artery lie?
In triangle of calot
What is the triangle of calot?
Triangle between common hepatic duct, cystic duct and visceral surface of liver
Name the parts of the pancreas
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
Where does the pancreas lie?
Along the transpyloric plane - L1/L2
What vein is formed behind the neck of the pancreas?
Portal vein
Where is the origin of the celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta - T12
Name the branches of the celiac trunk
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Where does the left gastric artery run?
lesser curvature of stomach
What does the hepatic artery supply?
Liver and gallbladder
Where does the left gastric artery run?
lesser curvature of stomach
What does the hepatic artery supply?
Liver and gallbladder
Where does the splenic artery run?
Retroperitoneally along the superior margin of the pancreas
Name the midgut structures
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
What does the second part of the duodenum receive?
Bile duct and pancreatic duct
What is a duodenal ulcer?
Inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall
What is the duodenum?
The shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine
Which part of the intestine has more fat in the mesentery
Ileum
Name the parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
Compare the colour of the jejunum and ileum
Jejunum is deeper red
Ileum is pale pink
Compare the wall of the jejunum and ileum
Jejunum wall is thick and heavy
Ileum wall is thin and light
Which part of the intestine has greater vascularity?
Jejunum
Which part of the intestine has more lymphoid nodules?
Ileum
What is the blood supply of the midgut?
superior mesenteric artery
What is the origin of the superior mesenteric artery?
Branch of abdominal aorta - L1
What are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
Jejunal and ileal arteries
Describe the relations of the superior mesenteric artery
Crossed anteriorly by splenic vein and neck of the pancreas
What is the artery of the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
Name the hindgut structures?
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Urethra
How can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine?
Haustra
Omental appedices
Tendinae coli
define omental appendices
Small fatty, peritoneal like projections
Define teniae coli
Thickened bands of smooth muscle
What is the most common appendix position?
Retrocecal
what is haustra
Semilunar folds arise in the inner surface through muscle contractions. These are merely caused functionally and therefore movable.
These folds form pouches on the external surface (haustra).
what is macburney’s point?
Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis
What is the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Anterior branch of abdominal aorta - L3
What are the parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs?
Vagus nerve
Pelvic splanchnic nerves - S2,S3,S4
What are the sympathetic innervation of abdominal organs?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexus
What is the function of the portal vein?
Transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and abdominal part of GI tract
How is the portal vein formed?
By the union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein
What are portocaval shunts?
Venous enlargements during portal obstruction
Where are the sites of portocaval shunts?
Anorectal junction
Gastroesophageal junction
Umbilicus
What receives most of the lymph from the abdominal organs?
Thoracic duct
Name the terminal groups of the lumbar nodes?
Pre-aortic
Lateral aortic
Retro-aortic: smallest group of left/lumbar aortic nodes. no defined set of areas that drain to this set of nodes, they occasionally receive tributaries from the paraspinal posterior abdominal wall
What do pre-aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta
What do lateral aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Organs supplied by lateral aortic branches
What do retro-aortic lumbar nodes drain?
Posterior abdominal wall
What layers of the spermatic cord is found in the internal oblique?
Cremasteric fascia
Cremaster muscl
What layer of the spermatic cord is found in the transversalis fascia?
Internal spermatic fascia
What layer of the spermatic cord is found in the external oblique?
External spermatic fascia
Where does the iliohypogastric nerve run?
To iliac crest, across the quadratic lumborum to transverus abdominis
What are the motor functions of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves?
Innervates the internal oblique and trans versus abdominis
What are the sensory function of the iliohypogastric ?
Innervates the posterolateral gluteal skin in pubic region
What is the root value of the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
What is the root value of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
What nerve passes though the superficial inguinal ring?
Ilioinguinal nerve
What are the sensory functions of the ilioinguinal nerve?
Innervates the skin on the superior antero-medial thigh
What is the root value of the genitofemoral nerve?
L1-L2
What does the gentiofemoral nerve branch into?
Genital and femoral branch
What are the motor functions of the gentiofemoral nerve?
Innervates cremasteric muscle
What is the root value of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
L2, L3
Where does the lateral cutaneous nerve enter the thigh?
Lateral aspect of inguinal ligament
What is the sensory function of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Innervates the anterior and lateral thigh down to the level of the knee
What is the root value of the obturator nerve?
L2, L3, L4
What is the motor function of the obturator nerve?
Innervates the muscles of medial thigh
What is the root value of the femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
What are the motor functions of the femoral nerve?
Iervates the muscles of the anterior thighnn
