Anatomy Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Function of medulla oblongata
A
regulates breathing
heart rate control
reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting)
2
Q
afferent neurons
A
sensory- carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
3
Q
efferent neurons
A
motor-carry info from CNS to muscles and glands
4
Q
Function of occipital lobe
A
visual cortex
visual recognition
receives info from retina
5
Q
Symptoms of lewy body dementia
A
MCI-mild cognitive impairment
Mental-hallucinations, REM sleep disorder
Physical-hunched over, shuffling feet, expressionless face
6
Q
3 meningeal layers
A
Dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
7
Q
location of dura mater
A
outermost layer
thickest
deep to skull
8
Q
location of arachnoid mater
A
middle layer
web-like
subarachnoid space (cerebrospinal fluid)
9
Q
parts of the neuron
A
dendrite
axon
cell body
10
Q
Function of a dendrite
A
extensions
receive info
11
Q
function of an axon
A
extensions
sends signal out
12
Q
function of a cell body
A
nucleus and organelles
13
Q
function of thalamus
A
regulates wakefulness and alertness
14
Q
function of Wernicke’s area
A
comprehension of sound and language
15
Q
function of Broca’s area
A
controls muscles of speech
16
Q
Name the neuroglial cells
A
Microglial
ependymal
oligodendrocytes
Schwann
astrocyte
17
Q
Function of neuroglial cells
A
absorb and dispose of dead cells and bacteria
18
Q
function of ependymal cells
A
lining around spinal cord and brain cavities
19
Q
function of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
A
wrap around axons and produce fatty myelin
20
Q
function of astrocytes
A
link neurons to capillaries for nutrients
21
Q
cerebrum: Gyrus
A
raised regions
22
Q
cerebrum: sulcus
A
grooves between gyri
23
Q
cerebrum: fissure
A
deep grooves
24
Q
function of cerebellum
A
receives sensory input from eye, inner ears, and body
monitors body position and coordination
25
What channel opens when neurotransmitters arrives
Na channels open
26
What part of the cerebellum controls intelligence and learning
pre-frontal cortex
27
what is responsible for assessing danger
amygdala
28
what occurs after neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft
it binds to receptor proteins and leads to opening and closing of ion channels
29
What happens to neurons in MS ( multiple sclerosis)
decreased myelin production
hardening of myelin
slows down impulses
30
charge of a neuron at rest
negative charge
31
clear, most anterior structure of eye
cornea
32
what controls organs and glands and communicates with pituitary gland
hypothalamus
33
what receptor receives info about levels of O2 and CO2
chemoreceptors
34
what valve is in between the right atria and right ventricle
tricuspid
35
what valve is in between the pulmonic valve and right ventricle
pulmonic
36
what valve is in between the left atria and left ventricle
mitral
37
what valve is in between the aorta and left ventricle
aortic
38
what happens when a valve is stenotic
blood flow decreases
valve hardens
doesn't open all the way
39
Stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from LV in 1 squeeze
40
Cardiac output
amount of blood ejected from heart in 1 min
41
P-wave
atria contract
42
QRS wave
ventricles contract
43
T-wave
ventricular repolarization
44
Why do we have heart valves
keep 1-way flow of blood
45
How do the valves stay anchored
chorade tendinae
46
How does blood return to the heart from lungs
L and R pulmonary veins
47
How does blood return to the heart after its been in the body
superior and inferior vena cava
48
what happens during a myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack
blockage of coronary artery due to plaque or clot
49
signs and symptoms of MI
chest pain
stress
SOB
radiating arm, neck pain
fatigue
flu-like
50
Chamber affected by aortic stenosis
left ventricle
51
layer of heart that contains cardiac muscle tissue
myocardium
52
what is septum of heart
separates the L and R ventricle
53
which valves open when atrias squeeze
atrioventricular valves ( mitral and tricuspid)
54
which valves open when ventricles squeeze
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)
55
what happens to coronary arteries over time w/ poor diet
build up fat/ plaque inside arteries
56
Flow of electrical activity through heart
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
R and L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
57
Diastole
chamber relaxed and filling with blood
58
Systole
chamber squeezing blood out
59
S+S of Emphysema (COPD)
weight loss
dyspnea
flat diaphragm
quiet chest
60
2 diseases of COPD
Emphysema
chronic bronchitis
61
S+S of chronic bronchitis (COPD)
hypoxia
wheezing
rhonchi
increased RBC and hemoglobin
62
S+S of pneumonia
SOB
hypoxia
fever
body aches
cough
congestion
fatigue
63
Cause of chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchioles
64
cause of emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls
65
cause of pneumonia
fluid and swelling around alveoli
66
structures of larynx
epiglottis
vocal cords
67
structures of trachea
mucociliating escalator
carina
68
mucociliating escalator
c-shaped rings of cartilage
69
carina
end of trachea
70
Where is the peripheral chemoreceptor
arch of aorta
71
where is the central chemoreceptor
medulla oblongata
72
what gas is monitored by peripheral chemo.
oxygen
73
what gas is monitored by central chemo.
carbon dioxide
74
diaphragm during inhalation
contracts and lowers
volume rises
pressure decreases
75
diaphragm during exhalation
relaxes and rises
volume decreases
pressure increases
76
cough
clears lower res. tract
77
sneeze
clears upper res. tract
78
Pressure changes in inhalation
Atm. 760
IPP 757
79
Pressure changes in exhalation
Atm. 760
IPP 763
80
function of thin tissue in alveoli
allows diffusion
81
function of capillaries in alveoli
exchange of gases
82
function of alveolar duct in alveoli
connecting alveoli with bronchioles
83
function of surfactant
expand alveoli
84
function of epiglottis
allow air to pass into larynx and lungs
85
S+S of tuberculosis
hemoptysis
fever
night sweats
weight loss
86
cause of tuberculosis
bacterial infection
87
normal respiratory rate for adults
12-20 breaths per min
88
cause of asthma
inflammation of bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
89
Location of esophagus
posterior to trachea
90
function of esophagus
transport food entering mouth into stomach
91
purpose of bile production
emulsifies fat
92
where is bile stored
gallbladder
93
where is bile made
liver
94
where is bile taken
duodenum (small intestine)
95
function of saliva (salivary amylase)
breaks down carbs
96
organs secrete their 'products' into what part of the small intestine
duodenum
97
where is waste stored before it is secreted
rectum
98
sphincter that doesn't work and causes acid reflux
lower esophageal sphincter
99
purpose of mechanical digestion
break down food with teeth
100
muscle used to move substances through the digestive tract
smooth muscle
101
tissue type lining the inside of the mouth and why
stratified squamous ET
protection against mechanical injury and germs
102
function of large intestine
absorb water
103
what if food moves too fast or too slow
fast: diarrhea
slow: constipation
104
structure part of respiratory and digestive system
pharynx
105
function of pepsin
breaks down proteins and carbs
106
location of pepsin
stomach
107
what does the gallbladder release into small int.
bile
108
order that food travels through
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small int.
large int.
rectum
anus
109
folds of lining of stomach
rugae
110
where are bacteria found in the digestive tract and what do they do
large intestine
help form vitamins
111
what is cirrhosis
gradual formation of scar tissue on liver
112
protects kidneys posteriorly
floating ribs
113
order of tubules after glomerular capsule
proximal conv. tubule
loop of henle
distal conv. tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis
114
what happens to filtration in the nephron
push out water, amino acids, Na,K,Cl, urea, glucose
115
significance of hilum of the kidney
blood vessels and ureters enter and exit
116
renal cortex
outer region of kidney
117
function of renal cortex
reabsorbing filtered material
118
urinary bladder is lined with what ET tissue
transitional ET
119
what do diuretics do
rid body of excess fluid
120
why are UTI's more common in women
shorter urethra
121
what happens in the stage of filtration
substances move from glomerulus to capsule
122
what happens in the stage of reabsorption
moves water and substances back to blood
123
what happens in the stage of secretion
waste removed from blood into tubules
