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Anatomy > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

Platysma

A

Origin: Inferior border of the mandible; skin of lower
face.

Insertion: Deltopectoral fascia

Nerve: Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Action: Draws skin of neck superiorly and corners of
mouth inferiorly.

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2
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: Manubrium; medial third of the clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid process

Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Action: Unilateral - lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
Bilateral - Inferior flexion, superior extension

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3
Q

Anterior Triangle of the Neck

Anterior cervical region

A

Anterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

Inferior border of the Mandible

Anterior midline of the neck

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4
Q

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

Lateral cervical region

A

Posterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

Anterior border of Trapezius

Middle third of Clavicle

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5
Q

Scalene Muscles

A

3 Scalene muscles: Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Origin: Cervical transverse processes

Insertion: 1st Rib (Anterior & Middle)
                 2nd Rib (Posterior)
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6
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

A

Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Geniohyoid

Action: Elevate the hyoid

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7
Q

Digastric Muscle

A

Origin: Posterior belly - Mastoid notch
Anterior belly - Digastric fossa

Insertion: Intermediate tendon

Nerve: Posterior belly - Facial nerve (CN VII)
Anterior belly - Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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8
Q

Infrahyoid “strap” Muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

Name = Origin + Insertion

Nerve: C1 - C4 anterior rami

Action: Depress/stabilize the hyoid

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9
Q

Transverse Cervical Nerve

A

C2 - C3

Sensory to skin of anterior triangle

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10
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

C1 - C3

Superficial to Carotid Sheath

Motor to Infrahyoid Muscles

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11
Q

Cervical Sympathetic Chain

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion: C1 - C4

Middle Cervical Ganglion: C5 - C6

Inferior Cervical Ganglion: C7 - C8
- Stellate Ganglion: C7 - T1

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12
Q

Extradural (epidural) Hematoma

A

Arterial blood pools between the skull and the periosteal layer of dura

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13
Q

Dural Border Hematoma

A

Blood (usually venous) forces open a space within sublayers of the dura

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14
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Blood (usually arterial) escapes into the subarachnoid space.

Most commonly a ruptured aneurysm

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15
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Forebrain
CN I - Olfactory nerve
CN II - Optic nerve

Midbrain
CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN IV - Trochlear nerve

Hindbrain - Pons
     CN V - Trigeminal nerve
     CN VI - Abducent nerve
     CN VII - Facial nerve
     CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Hindbrain - Medulla
     CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
     CN X - Vagus nerve
     CN XI - Spinal Accessory nerve
     CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
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16
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Ethmoid

A

Cribriform Plate - CN I

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17
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Sphenoid

A

Optic Canal - CN II

Superior Orbital Fissure - CNIII, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI

Foramen Rotundum - CN V2

Foramen Ovale - CN V3

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18
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Temporal

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus - CN VII, CN VIII

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19
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Temporal/Occipital

A

Jugular Foramen - CN IX, CN X, CN XI

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20
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Occipital

A

Hypoglossal Canal - CN XII

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21
Q

Stern’s Laws

A
  1. All muscles with ‘tensor’ in the name are innervated by
    CN V3
  2. All muscles with ‘palat-‘ in the name are innervated by
    CN X
  3. All muscles with ‘gloss-‘ in the name are innervated by
    CN XII
    *Hierarchical rules
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22
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

A

Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Orbit, central forehead, dorsum of nose

Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Lateral forehead, lateral nose, most of nasal cavity, palate, upper teeth

Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Jaw, lower teeth, ear, temporal region

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23
Q

Ciliary Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of the eye

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24
Q

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of nasal and oral mucosa and lacrimal gland

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25
Q

Otic Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of parotid gland

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26
Q

Submandibular Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands

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27
Q

3 - 9 - 7 - 7

C - O - P - S

A

Oculomotor (CN III) - synapses in the Ciliary ganglion

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - synapses in the Otic ganglion

Facial (CN X) - synapses in the Pterygopalatine ganglion
synapses in the Submandibular ganglion

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28
Q

Lacrimal Gland Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Innervation

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic innervation:
- From pterygopalatine ganglion
- NEW pathway - Direct branches from ganglion to
gland
- FORMER pathway - Zygomatic branch of maxillary
nerve (CN V2)
- Communicating branch to
lacrimal branch of ophthalmic
nerve (CN V1)
- Lacrimal nerve to gland

Sympathetic innervation: Follows parasympathetic
innervation

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29
Q

Branches of the Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

A

Travels through superior orbital fissure

Frontal nerve:

  • Supraorbital nerve
  • Supratrochlear nerve
  • To scalp and superior eyelid

Lacrimal nerve:
* Skin of the lacrimal region and superior eyelid

Nasociliary nerve:

  • Short ciliary nerves
  • Long ciliary nerves
  • Ethmoidal nerves
  • Infratrochlear nerve
  • To eyeball, superior nasal cavity, bridge of nose, and dorsum of nose
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30
Q

Orbit sensory innervation

A

Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and it’s branches

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31
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the Eye

A

Preganglionic Axons - Sympathetic chain

Synapse - Superior cervical ganglion (C1 - C4)

Postganglionic Axons - Follow arteries (internal carotid plexus) and join Ciliary nerves entering the eyeball to dilator pupillae

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32
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the Eye

A

Preganglionic Axons - Inferior division of Occulomotor nerve (CN III)

Synapse - Ciliary ganglion

Postganglionic Axons - Hitchhike on short ciliary branches of ophthalmic (CN V1) to ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

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33
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex

A

Increase light in one eye will result in pupillary contraction of both eyes

Sensory: CN II
Motor: CN III

34
Q

Accommodation Reflex

A

Focus on close objects (change in lens shape) causes pupillary contraction

Sensory: CN II
Motor: CN III

35
Q

Corneal Blink Reflex

A

Contact with the cornea causes blinking

Sensory: CN V1
Motor: CN VII

36
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Origin: Common tendinous ring

Insertion: Superior tarsal plate

Nerve: Superior division of Oculomotor (CN III)

Action: Elevate upper eyelid

37
Q

Superior Rectus

A

Nerve: Superior division of Oculomotor (CN III)

Action: Strong elevation
Slight adduction
Intorsion

38
Q

Lateral Rectus

A

Nerve: Abducent (CN VI)

Action: No elevation or depression
Strong abduction
No extorsion or intorsion

39
Q

Inferior Rectus

A

Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III)

Action: Strong depression
Slight adduction
Extorsion

40
Q

Medial Rectus

A

Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III)

Action: No elevation or depression
Strong adduction
No extorsion or intorsion

41
Q

Superior Oblique

A

Nerve: Trochlear (CN IV)

Action: Strong depression
Slight abduction
Intorsion

42
Q

Inferior Oblique

A

Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III)

Action: Strong elevation
Slight abduction
Extorsion

43
Q

Temporalis

A

Origin: Floor of temporal fossa; deep surface of
temporal fascia

Insertion: Coronoid process

Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Action: Elevate mandible
Retract mandible

44
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

Temporomandibular ligament:

  • Thickened part of articular capsule
  • Temporal bone to neck of mandible
  • Restricts posterior and lateral movement

Sphenomandibular ligament:
- Provides passive support

Articular Disc:
- Divides capsule

Superior Cavity:
- Protrusion/retrusion (gliding/translation)

Inferior Cavity:
- Hinge movement (depression, elevation)

45
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: Inferior border of zygomatic arch

Insertion: Lateral surface of ramus and angle of the
mandible

Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Action: Elevate and protrude mandible

46
Q

Lateral Pterygoid (Superior & Inferior)

A

Origin: S - Infratemporal surface of the greater wing of
sphenoid
I - Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion: S - Articular disc and capsule of TMJ
I - Pterygoid fovea and capsule of TMJ

Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Action: Protrude mandible and depress chin

47
Q

Medial Pterygoid (Superficial & Deep)

A

Origin: S - Maxillary tuberosity
D - Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion: Medial surface of ramus of mandible

Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Action: Elevate and protrude mandible

48
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A

Encircles middle meningeal artery

Sensory

Carries parasympathetic postganglionics to parotid gland

49
Q

Otic Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Preganglionic: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve

Postganglionic: Parotid gland via auriculotemporal nerve

50
Q

Inferior alveolar nerve

A

Enters mandibular foramen

Passes through mandibular canal

Sensory

51
Q

Mental nerve

A

Branch of inferior alveolar nerve; exits mental foramen

Sensory

52
Q

Nerve to Mylohyoid

A

Branch of the inferior alveolar nerve

Motor to: Mylohyoid & anterior belly of digastric

53
Q

Lingual nerve

A

Anterior to inferior alveolar nerve

Sensory

Joined by chorda tympani nerve (from CN VII)

54
Q

Chorda tympani

A

Branch of the Facial nerve (CN VII)

Joins the lingual nerve

Preganglionic parasympathetics destined for the submandibular ganglion

Taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue

55
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Frontalis: Elevates the eyebrows and produces
transverse wrinkles on the forehead

Occipitalis: Aids frontalis (by retracting scalp and
aponeurosis)

Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)

56
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

Palpebral portion: Gently closes eye

Orbital portion: Tightly closes eye

Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)

57
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Draws the angle of the mouth superolaterally; smiles

Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)

58
Q

Buccinator

A

Increases rigidity of the cheek
Helps keep food between molars
Resists distention

Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)

59
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A 
Resting activity (tonus) keeps mouth softly closed
Constricts and protrudes lips

Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)

60
Q

Satchmo’s Syndrome

A

Tearing of the orbicularis oris muscle common to brass players

61
Q

Bell’s Paulsy

A

Facial nerve damage and paralysis of the muscles supplied by its motor branches.

Eversion of the lower eyelid (corneal problems)

Drooping of the angle of the mouth
- Inability to maintain saliva or food within the oral cavity

62
Q

Structures within the Parotid Gland

A

Parotid plexus of the facial nerve (CN VII)
*Motor branches

Retromandibular vein

External carotid artery

63
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to Parotid Gland

A

Preganglionic: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

  • Tympanic plexus
  • Lesser petrosal

Synapse in Otic Ganglion

Postganglionics hitchhike on auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) to parotid gland.

64
Q

Scalp Wounds

A

Extensive blood supply = profuse bleeding

Deep wounds (through aponeurosis) gape due to tension in frontalis and occipitalis

65
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Origin: Soft palate

Insertion: Lateral side of posterior tongue

Nerve: Vagus nerve (CN X)

Action: Elevate the tongue

66
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

Origin: Soft palate

Insertion: Lateral wall of pharynx

Nerve: Vagus nerve (CN X)

Action: Elevate the pharynx

67
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the Tongue

A

Fine control of the tongue

Nerve: Hypoglossal (CN XII)

68
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the Tongue

A

Genioglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII)

Hyoglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII)

Palatoglossus (Vagus CN X)

Styloglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII)

Insertion: Posterior-lateral part of the tongue

69
Q

Tongue Sensory

A

Anterior 2/3:
- Lingual (from CN V3): general sensory
- Chord tympani (from CN VII hitchhiking on lingual):
special sensory (taste)

Posterior 1/3:
- Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): general sensory and special
sensory (taste)
- Vagus (CN X): Very small contribution to both general sensory and special sensory taste.

70
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of Submandibular & Sublingual Glands

A

Preganglionic:

  • Facial nerve (CN VII)
  • Chorda tympani
  • Lingual nerve
  • Submandibular ganglion (synapse)

Postganglionic:

  • Direct to submandibular gland
  • Hitchhike on lingual nerve to sublingual gland
71
Q

Sympathetic innervation of Submandibular & Sublingual Glands

A

Via the external carotid plexus

Lingual and facial artery plexuses

72
Q

Pharyngeal Constrictors

A

Origin: S - pterygomandibular raphe
M - greater horn of the hyoid
I - thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Insertion: Midline pharyngeal raphe

Nerve: Vagus (CN X)

73
Q

Killian’s Triangle

A

Weak point of pharynx in inferior constrictor

Common site of esophageal diverticulum formation

74
Q

Gag Reflex

A

Sensory limb: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Motor limb: Vagus (CN X)

75
Q

Nerves of the Pterygopalatine Fossa

A

Maxillary Nerve (CN V2): Enter via foramen rotundum
- Zygomatic: exit via inferior orbital fissure
- Infraorbital: exit via inferior orbital fissure
- Pterygopalatine nerves: pass through the
pterygopalatine ganglion

CN V2 branches that pass through pterygopalatine ganglion:
- Greater and lesser palatine nerves: exit via the palatine
canal
- Nasopalatine nerve: Exit via the sphenopalatine foramen
- Posterior lateral nasal nerves: Exit via the sphenopalatine
foramen

Nerve of the pterygoid canal: enters via pterygoid canal

  • Facial nerve (CN VII) to greater petrosal nerve (preganglionic parasympathetics)
  • Internal carotid plexus to deep petrosal nerve (postganglionic sympathetics)
  • Combine to form nerve of the pterygoid canal where it runs into the pterygopalatine ganglion (ONLY parasympathetics synapse)
76
Q

Kiesselbach’s Area

A

Highly vascularized area of anastomosis

Site of many profuse nasal bleeding

77
Q

Special Sensory - Smell

A

Olfactory Filaments (fila olfactoria): through cribriform plate to nasal epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity.

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

78
Q

Submandibular Duct route

A

Emerges from portion of the submandibular gland superior to mylohyoid

Crosses lingual nerve superiorly

Empties via the sublingual caruncle

79
Q

Sublingual Gland

A

Deep to the mucosa of the oral cavity

Empties via numerous ducts in sublingual fold (plica)

80
Q

Salivary Glands Parasympathetics

A

Pregnaglionic

  • Facial Nerve (CN XII)
  • Chorda tympani
  • Lingual

Submandibular ganglion (synapse)

Postganglionic

  • Direct to SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
  • Hitchhike on lingual nerve to SUBLINGUAL GLAND
81
Q

Salivary Glands Sympathetics

A

Innervation via the external carotid plexus

  • Lingual artery plexus: sublingual gland
  • Facial artery plexus: submandibular gland
82
Q

Pharyngeal Elevators

A

Palatopharyngeus - Vagus nerve (CN X)

Stylopharyngeus - Glossopharyneal nerve (CN IX)

Salpingopharyngeus - Vagus nerve (CN X)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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