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Gross Anatomy > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

brain, brain sagittal, spinal cord, and eye

1
Q

What is the function of the foramen transversarium?

A

to allow the vertebral artery to exit

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2
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
1-2 coccygeal

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3
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior articulate processes on the vertebrae and what is unique about them

A

stabilize spine; they are true facet joints, lined this goblet cells that secrete synovial fluid that aid in mobility of joint

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4
Q

Why are vertebrae shaped/formed differently?

A

allows nerves to exit in different areas of the body

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5
Q

What is a frequent cause of low back pain and what block helps relieve this pain?

A

inflammation of facet joint due to motion; quadratus lumborum block

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6
Q

What ligament supports/attaches head to spine?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

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7
Q

What structure causes there to be resistance immediately after passing needle through the skin during an epidural?

A

supraspinous ligament

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8
Q

________ ligament is a continuation of the _________ ligament.

A

supraspinous, nuchea (ligamentum)

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9
Q

What is the order of penetration of the 3 ligaments during an epiural?

A
  1. supraspinous ligament
  2. interspinous ligament
  3. ligamentum flavum
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10
Q

Which ligament is not commonly “felt” during an epidural placement and why?

A

interspinous ligament (it is so thin the needle will most likely miss it)

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11
Q

Which ligament gives a “popping” sensation during epidural placement and why?

A

Ligamentum flavum, because it is thick and fibrinous
also called intertransverse ligament

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12
Q

What structures are held together by the ligamentum flavum and what is it’s function?

A

stabilizes spine by connecting/supporting the vertebrae by lamina of inferior/superior vertebrae assists with posture

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges and their functions?
outermost first

A
  1. Dura Mater superficial, fibrinous
    tough mother: primarily protective function
  2. Arachnoid Mater middle
    similar to saran wrap, close apposition to dura
    forms SA space to aid in regulation of CSF, contains vessels
  3. Pia Mater deep
    tightly adhered to brain and spinal cord
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14
Q

What structure separates the dorsal root from it’s ganglion?

A

They are separated by the dura mater
The dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia) are usually located within the intervertebral foramina, immediately outside the points where the nerve roots perforate the dura mater

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15
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space, what is in it, and it’s function?

A

It is located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, it contains cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and aids in the elimination process of CSF. Vessels are also in this space, cushioned by the CSF to prevent injury to them intelligently designed

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16
Q

What layer(s) of the meninges are affected by Spinal Meningitis?

A

ALL 3 layers: pia, arachnoid, and dura

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17
Q

How much cerebral spinal fluid is in the body at all times and how much is produced daily?

A

150 cc, 600cc produced daily

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18
Q

What structure is tightly adhered to the spinal cord?

A

Pia Mater

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19
Q

What is the “tapered point” of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus Medullaris conus = pointed like an ice cream cone

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20
Q

Where does the spinal cord end and what occurs to the pia that was covering it?

A

SC terminates around L1-L2 very important
pia collapses on self and continues all the way down to the coccygeal vertebrae does not terminate with spinal cord

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21
Q

What is the functional purpose for the pia matter extending to the coccygeal vertebrae?

A

to “anchor” spinal cord in place and prevent vertical movement.

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22
Q

What is the pia cord referred to inferior to L1-L2 and what are the two sections of this cord?

A

Filum terminale: differentiation refers to outermost layer of the internal cord
Pial part made of pure pia mater
Dural part occurs after arachnoid mater ends around S1-S3

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23
Q

Where does the dura terminate and what causes this to occur?

A

S2, usually but can be anywhere from S1-S3
dura “terminates” due to end of the subarachnoid space (+ lack of CSF). dura then continues down and covers the pia cord = results in the dural part of the filum terminale

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24
Q

How many layers are in the final portion of the filum terminale?

A

debatable, some speculate that the arachnoid mater ends around S1-S3 which is what forms the dural part of the filum terminale.
Most correct answer: at least 2 layers, but possibly 3 (AM most likely terminates with arachnoid space, so most likely only 2 layers of meninges in FT)

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25
Q

T/F there is nervous tissue in the filum terminale

A

False, nervous tissue stops when spinal cord ends at at L1-L2

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26
Q

What is the order of termination of spinal structures, moving down the spinal cord?

A
  1. Spinal cord @ L1-L2
  2. Arachnoid mater @ S1-S3
  3. Dura mater & Pia mater @ coccygeal vertebrae point of attachment
  4. spine @ end of coccygeal vertebrae
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27
Q

The _____ matter in the spinal cord is deep to the ______ matter; while in the brain the _______ matter is deep to the _______ matter.

A

SC: gray, white
Brain: white, gray

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28
Q

What is the functional purpose of the gray matter being deep in the spinal cord?

A

it contains neurons that choose what “decision” should be made, then transmits that impulse through the white matter which is made of myelinated axons that speed signal transmission to target tissue

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29
Q

The cerebral cortex is made of ______ matter which consists of:

A

gray matter, cell bodies and dendrites

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30
Q

What is in white matter and what is it’s purpose?

A

myelinated nerve fibers called axons.
purpose is to aid in rapid conduction of signals from gray matter

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31
Q

Where do pain impulses originate from in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn - then travel up through columns that end in white matter

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32
Q

Which spinal cord root has a ganglion and why? What is the function of a ganglion?

A

dorsal/posterior because it sends sensory impulses
ganglion is gray matter (neurons) outside CNS

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33
Q

What are the two types of spinal cord roots?

A

dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior

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34
Q

What is the important concept to remember when considering Spinal Cord blood supply?

A

There are multiple blood supplies to the spinal cord
The more superior arteries are more major
this is why ppl with lower SCI can still have some function

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35
Q

How many anterior and posterior arteries supply blood to the spinal cord?

A

anterior: 1, arise from the vertebral
posterior: 2, arise from the aorta

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36
Q

What is notable about the internal vertebral plexus (venous)?

A

it’s a web-like structure in the extradural fat pad, so it is easy to hit and collapse with a epidural needle

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37
Q

if you attempt an epidural and get fluid return, what space are you post likely in?

A

subarachnoid space, receiving CSF. If left here would be considered a spinal block

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38
Q

What is a major side effect of a spinal block?

A

can block diaphragmatic intervention causing apnea.

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39
Q

What is the denticulate ligament and its purpose?

A

the denticulate ligament is an extension of folded pia mater, it goes between the anterior and posterior roots at attaches to dura mater to secure the spinal cord from moving laterally

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40
Q

What space contains CSF and vessels?

A

subarachnoid space

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41
Q

what are the structures passed through when placing an epidural? (begin with skin)

A
  1. Supraspinous Ligament
  2. Interspinous Ligament
  3. Ligamentum Flava
  4. Fat Pad & Venous Plexus (Epidural space)
  5. Dura Mater
  6. Arachnoid Mater
  7. Subarachnoid Space
  8. Pia Mater
  9. Spinal Cord
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42
Q

______ roots are purely somatic sensory, while the ______ roots are purely somatic motor.

A

dorsal/posterior, ventral/anterior

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43
Q

The spinal accessory nerves become ______ nerves when the exit the Dura mater.

A

Periphrial

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44
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Peripheral nerves after the spinal cord ends around L1-L2 (tail horse)

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45
Q

What two areas of the spinal cord have enlargements?

A

cervical and lumbosacral (to supply the limbs)

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46
Q

How are there a C8 when there are only 7 cervical vertebrae?

A

because there is a cervical nerve between the head and their first cervical vertebrae

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47
Q

After the Spinal Cord ends at ____ the pia mater continues to _______ and what is it called?

A

L1-L2, the coccygeal vertebrae to terminate. This structure is called the filum terminale

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48
Q

The Filum Terminale begins at _____ and is pure _____ mater, then when the arachnoid mater ends at ____ this forms the beginning of the _____ portion of the Filum Terminale.

A

L1-L2, Pia, S1-S3, Dural

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49
Q

The preganglionic nerves of the Sympathetic nervous system are _____, while the postganglionic nerves are _____.

A

Short, Long
consider where the ganglion are in relation to the target tissue

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50
Q

The preganglionic nerves of the Parasympathetic nervous system are ______, while the postganglionic nerves are _____.

A

Long, Short
consider where the ganglion are in relation to the target tissue

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51
Q

The folding of the dura in the middle of the brain forms a space called _______. While the actual folded dura is called ______.

A

Superior sagittal sinus, falx cerebri

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52
Q

What structures allow CSF to be exchanged into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Arachnoid granulations (protrusions of the subarachnoid space)

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53
Q

Why is the superior sagittal sinus not considered a vein since veins AND CSF dump into it?

A

Because the space is formed by dura

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54
Q

What two things dump into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Venous blood and CSF

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55
Q

What vein do all the cerebral sinuses end up dumping into?

A

Internal Jugular Veins

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56
Q

How much Cerebral spinal fluid is produced daily and what structures produce it?

A

600mL daily, produced by the choroid plexus

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57
Q

What is the primary factor the drives CSF out of the arachnoid granulations, into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Pressure

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58
Q

The cerebral arteries and veins are in the ______ space.

A

Subarachnoid

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59
Q

The layer of dura that separates the two halves of the cerebrum is called:

A

Falx Cerebri

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60
Q

The layer of dura that separates the two halves of the cerebellum is called:

A

Falx Cerebelli

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61
Q

The layer of dura that separates the cerebrum cerebellum is called:

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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62
Q

What is the function of the layers of dura that separate the areas of the brain?

A

prevents the brain from so freely bumping against the skull

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63
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae and its purpose?

A

it is a continuation of dura that covers the pituitary gland and prevents it from popping out of the sella turcica.

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64
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland sit in and what is it covered by?

A

Sella Turcica (turkish saddle)
Diaphragma Sella

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65
Q

The Pons of the brain is responsible for controlling what 3 things?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Respirations
  3. Swallowing
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66
Q

What divides the Temporal lobe from the Frontal lobe?

A

Lateral Sulcus (of Silvia)

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67
Q

The raises parts of the brain are called ______, while the ditches between them are ______.

A

gyri, sulci

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68
Q

What is the name of the sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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69
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobe?

A

Pre-occipital sulcus

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70
Q

What structure lies directly under the temporal lobe?

A

the Insula- this is where a women’s intuition originates from

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71
Q

What is the only sulcus that extends all the way down?

A

the Central Sulcus

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72
Q

The Precentral gyri is _____ while the postcentral gyri is _____.

A

motor, sensory
just like spinal cord roots

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73
Q

The pituitary gland comes off the:

A

Hypothalamus

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74
Q

The thalamus routes messaging of ______ stimuli, while the hypothalamus route messaging of _____ stimuli.

A

external, internal

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75
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of movements

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76
Q

What is the primary function of the midbrain?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
regulates heart rate, respirations and swallowing

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77
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion and its function?

A

connects right and left thalamus to allow movement of messages between the two halves

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78
Q

What is the open space between the right and left thalamus called?

A

third ventricle

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79
Q

How many ventricles are in the brain?

A

4
1. & 2. Right and left Lateral ventricles
3. 3rd ventricle formed by the thalamus
4. 4th ventricle

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80
Q

What structure connects the third ventricle to the fouth?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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81
Q

What is the purpose of the anterior commissure?

A

It forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle

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82
Q

Which sinus must be entered to do surgery on a pituitary tumor?

A

Sphenoidial sinus

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83
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior commissure?

A

makes up posterior wall of third ventricle

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84
Q

What structure produces Cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Choroid Plexus (present in all ventricles)

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85
Q

What is the function of the ventricles of the brain?

A

to contain CSF

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86
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

directly anterior to the cerebellum

87
Q

How many appatures are in the forth ventricle and where does CSF go when it exits?

A

3: two lateral (right and left) and one median. goes to subarachnoid space to nourish brain and spinal cord

88
Q

What structure moves CSF out of the subarachnoid space?

A

Arachnoid granulations, is then dumped into the superior sagittal sinus

89
Q

What is the funnel-like structure that extends off the thalamus and connects to the infundibulum of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

What is the corpus callosum and its purpose?

A

it is a structure made of white matter than connects the two hemispheres of the brain, it allows transmission of messages between the two

91
Q

What structure is immediately anterior to the hypothalamus?

A

Optic chiasm

92
Q

What structure is attached to or is immediately superior to the posterior commissure?

A

Pineal body

93
Q

What is the function of the Pineal body?

A

produces melatonin to aid in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle

94
Q

What structures make up the Cerebral aqueduct?

A

midbrain anteriorly and the tectal plate posteriorly

95
Q

What are the two little humps on the tectal plate called?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

96
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus?

A

being able to locate the place where sounds occur
such as spatial orientation of sounds

97
Q

What structure is posterior to the hypothalamus?

A

Cerebral peduncle

98
Q

What structure is inferior to the Cerebral Peduncle?

A

Pons

99
Q

What structure is inferior to the Pons?

A

Medulla Oblongata

100
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral Peduncle?

A

tempers movements to make them smooth and feathered rather than abrupt movements
also uses cerebellum

101
Q

What and where is the Mammillary body?

A

It is a nodule just superior of the Pons, the fornix continues down to form the mammillary body. It is a part of the hippocampus and is associated with memory

102
Q

What shape is the hippocampus and the body of the fornix?

A

shaped like a horse shoe and turns deep into the brain tissue

103
Q

The Fornix and Mammillary bodies store _____ -term memory while the Hippocampus stores _____-term memory.

A

Short, Long

104
Q

Which structure in the brain stores long term memory?

A

Hippocampus

105
Q

Which structure in the brain stores short term memory?

A

Fornix and mammillary bodies

106
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala and where is it?

A

It extends off the Hippocampus and manages the flight or fight decision that happens in the brain. Also stores memory and smells.

107
Q

T/F the hypothalamus is technically a part of the third ventricle

A

TRUE

108
Q

Where is the brain does the cross over between the right and left sides of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body occur?

A

Decussation of the Pyramids

109
Q

What is the purpose of the interventricular foramen?

A

allows CSF to drain from lateral ventricles into the third ventricle

110
Q

Where is the median aperture of the fourth ventricle?

A

It is on the middle of the posterior wall of the fourth ventricle

111
Q

How does CSF exit the ventricles to enter the subarachnoid space to nourish the brain and spinal cord?

A

exits via the apertures of the fourth ventricle to enter the subarachnoid space
is then filtered out into the superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations

112
Q

What is the full process of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the Internal Jugular vein?

A
  1. Subarachnoid space
  2. Arachnoid granulation
  3. Superior/Inferior sagittal sinus
  4. Straight sinus
  5. Confluences of Sinuses
  6. Transverse sinus
  7. Superior and Inferior Petrosal veins
  8. Internal Jugular Vein
113
Q

What is the Uncus of the brain?

A

A deep, inferior continuation of brain tissue that with trauma can press on and damage the circle of willis and cause ischemic stroke.

114
Q

What is a tract and two examples in the brain?

A

Nervous tissue that goes from the brain to a mediation point: olfactory (bulb) and optic (chiasm)

115
Q

What is the only part of the hippocampus that can be identified in a midsagittal cross section of the brain?

A

Fornix

116
Q

Short term memory loss dementia affects the:

A

Fornix (destruction of the louie bodies)

117
Q

Long term memory loss dementia affects the:

A

Hippocampus (destruction of the louie bodies)

118
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Flocculonodular
  3. Posterior
119
Q

Which cerebellar lobe has tonsils?

A

Posterior

120
Q

How is the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum any different than the others?

A

it controls hand-eye coordination rather than just coordination. also ties in vestibular system and memory qualities such as “muscle memory”

121
Q

What is the superior ridge of the cerebellum called and what is it’s purpose?

A

Superior Vermis, transmits messages between the two sides of the cerebellum

122
Q

What is the inferior ridge of the cerebellum called and what is it’s purpose?

A

Inferior Vermis, transmits messages between the two sides of the cerebellum

123
Q

What are the 4 blood sources of that brain?

A
  1. Right Vertebral
  2. Left Vertebral
  3. Right Internal Carotid
  4. Left Internal Carotid
124
Q

The Right and Left Vertebrals come together to form the:

A

Basilar Artery

125
Q

What is the only branch off the vertebrals?

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries

126
Q

What is the first branch off the Basilar artery?

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries

127
Q

What is the last branch off the Basilar artery?

A

Superior Cerebellar artery

128
Q

What arteries does the Basilar artery branch into?

A

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

129
Q

What arteries do the Posterior Cerebrals tie into?

A

Posterior Communicating arteries

130
Q

What do the Posterior Communicating arteries tie into?

A

Middle Cerebral arteries

131
Q

When does the Internal carotid become the middle cerebral artery?

A

When it gives rise to its first branch: either the posterior communicating (most common) or the anterior cerebral

132
Q

What is the anterior branch off the middle cerebral artery?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

133
Q

What artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior Communicating artery

134
Q

what cranial nerve has three branches and what are they?

A

CN V: Trigeminal
V1: Ophthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular

135
Q

Which CN is in the dural fold above the maxilla?

A

Trochlear (CNIV)

136
Q

Which cranial nerve had a tiny branch and comes out of the same formen as the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Facial (CNVII)

137
Q

What are the 3 Cranial Nerves that come out of the same formen?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Spinal Accessory (XI)

138
Q

Cranial Nerve Functions:

A
  1. Olfactory: sensory
  2. Optic: sensory
  3. Oculomotor: motor
  4. Trochlear: motor
  5. Trigeminal: motor & sensory
  6. Abducens: motor
  7. Facial: motor & sensory
  8. Vestibulocochlear: sensory
  9. Glossopharyngeal: motor & sensory
  10. Vagus: motor & sensory
  11. Spinal Accessory: motor
  12. Hypoglossal: motor
139
Q

What is the function of the Olfactory nerve?

A

sensory, smell

140
Q

What is the function of the Optic nerve?

A

sensory, sight

141
Q

What are the functions of the Oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nerves?

A

motor, eye movement

142
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

sensory of face, sinuses, mouth, and dura
Motor of muscle movement

143
Q

What is the function of the Facial nerve?

A

motor of facial muscles and sensory of glands and taste

144
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

sensory, hearing

145
Q

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

sensory taste, motor parotid gland

146
Q

What is the function of the Vagus nerve?

A

Sensory heart, lungs, bronchi, larynx, gi tract, motor heart, lungs, palate, trachea, etc.

147
Q

What is the function of the Spinal accessory nerve?

A

Motor, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

148
Q

What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve?

A

Motor, tongue muscles

149
Q

What is the function of the precentral cortex?

A

Motor/movement

150
Q

What is the function of the Frontal lobe?

A

Judgement, foresight, and voluntary movement

151
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Usually on left side, involved in speech

152
Q

What is the function of the Temporal lobe?

A

Intellectual and emotional functions

153
Q

What is the function of the inferior frontal lobe?

A

Smell

154
Q

What is the function of the postcentral cortex?

A

Sensory, pain, sensations

155
Q

What is the function of the Parietal lobe?

A

Comprehension of language

156
Q

What is the function of the Temporal lobe?

A

Hearing

157
Q

What is the function of the Occipital lobe?

A

Visual

158
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Coordination

159
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension

160
Q

Which lobe of the brain is considered the executive lobe?

A

Frontal

161
Q

Which lobe of the brain maintains visual memories?

A

Temporal

162
Q

Which sinus is superior to the nose?

A

Frontal sinus

163
Q

Which sinus is immediately deep to the nose?

A

Sphenoidal sinus

164
Q

Which sinus is lateral to the nose?

A

Maxillary sinus

165
Q

What structure is posterior to the sphenoidal sinus?

A

Sella turcica

166
Q

What is the name of the thickened tissue posterior to the nose and superior of the auditory canal opening?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

167
Q

What is the name of the opening in the nasopharynx just below the adenoids?

A

Auditory canal

168
Q

Where are the palantine tonsils?

A

Immediately posterior to the tongue

169
Q

What is the difference between the true and false vocal cords?

A

the first cord is technically the false or vestibular cord while the second one is the true, vocal cord

170
Q

T/F there is a posterior aspect to the thyroid cartilage

A

False

171
Q

T/F there is no posterior aspect to the cricoid cartilage

A

False, the posterior is actually thicker than the anterior

172
Q

Where are the conchae/turbinates in relation to the nasal septum?

A

Lateral/under
1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior

173
Q

Which nasal meatus is preferred for an NG tube?

A

Middle meatus

174
Q

What is the bulb of tissue under the middle conchae?

A

Ethmoid Bulla

175
Q

What are the three structures under the middle conchae?

A
  1. Ethmoid Bulla
  2. Semilunar Hiatus
  3. Opening of the Maxillary Sinus
176
Q

What conchae is the Ethmoid Bulla under?

A

Middle

177
Q

Where does the Frontal sinus empty?

A

the Middle Meatus

178
Q

Where does the Sphenoid sinus empty?

A

the Superior Meatus

179
Q

What is the one and only opening in the inferior meatus?

A

Opening of the nasolacrimal duct

180
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?

A

Into the Inferior Meatus

181
Q

What is the medial area of the eye where tears gather called?

A

Medial Canthus
Pupta are the 2 tiny holes where tears enter the nasolacrimal duct

182
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland in relation to the eye?

A

Superior and lateral

183
Q

Which 2 sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

A
  1. Maxillary
  2. Frontal
184
Q

What is the larger arytenoid tubercle called?

A

Cuneiform Tubercle

185
Q

What is the smaller, more medial arytenoid tubercle called?

A

Corniculate Tubercle

186
Q

What is the notch between the arytenoids called?

A

Interarytenoid notch

187
Q

What structure must be pulled down/back to see the arytenoids?

A

Epiglottis

188
Q

Which cartilage is thicker: thyroid or crycoid?

A

Crycoid

189
Q

What is the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage called?

A

Median cricothyroid ligament/membrane

190
Q

What is the pouch inferior of the tongue but superior to the epiglottis called?

A

Vallecula

191
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

The area between the true and false cords

192
Q

What is the name of the muscle that raises the eyelid?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

193
Q

What muscle is immediately inferior to the Levator Palpebrae Superioris?

A

Superior Rectus

194
Q

How many eye muscles are there?

A

7: 1 weird, 2 oblique, 4 rectus
1. Levator Palpebrae Superioris
2. Superior Oblique
3. Inferior Oblique
4. Superior Rectus
5. Inferior Rectus
6. Lateral Rectus
7. Medial Rectus

195
Q

Which eye muscle goes through the trochlear?

A

Superior Oblique

196
Q

Which eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve?

A

Superior Oblique

197
Q

Which eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?

A

Lateral Rectus

198
Q

Other than the abducens and trochlear, what are the other 2 cranial nerves that influence eye movement?

A

Ophthalmic and oculomotor

199
Q

What is the outermost anterior portion of the eye?

A

Cornea

200
Q

What is true about the cornea regarding blood and nerve supply?

A

highly concentrated in nerves, poorly supplied with blood vessles

201
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior chambers in relation to the iris?

A

anterior chamber is anterior to the iris, while the posterior chamber is posterior

202
Q

What structure is immediately posterior to the Posterior chamber?

A

Lens of the eye

203
Q

What structure is immediately posterior to the Cornea?

A

Anterior chamber

204
Q

Where are the bands of muscle that constrict and dilate the pupil?

A

In the iris

205
Q

The muscles in the iris that run around it cause _____ while the muscles that up and down the iris cause ______.

A

Constriction- small pupil (constrict) PNS
Dilation- large pupil (dilate) SNS

206
Q

What is the purpose of the scleral venous sinus?

A

fluid drains out here, pressure increases when glaucoma develops (narrow angle), cannot get atropine- makes the angle even more narrow, to increase pressure even more

207
Q

What is the ideal intraocular pressure?

A

12-15mmHg

208
Q

What is the lens of the eye made of?

A

Lenticular fibers and zonial fibers (change shape of lens to allow focus)

209
Q

Fibrous of _______ fibers causes cataracts.

A

Lenticular, lack of focus

210
Q

What is the Fovea Centralis?

A

The point where all the light focuses, highly concentrated with nerve endings for visual preception

211
Q

Where is the optic nerve in relation to the Fovea Centralis?

A

Superior

212
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?
(innermost first)

A
  1. Retina (transparent)
  2. Choroid (black)
  3. Sclera
213
Q

What is in the Retina?

A

Rods 100 million: low light visual acuity
Cones 6-8 million high intensity light and color

214
Q

What is the difference in the fluids in the chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior and Posterior chambers have the same water-like substance, while the Postremal Chamber contains a thick jelly-like substance

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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