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Gross Anatomy > Anatomy exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a sagittal plane and a midsagittal plane?

A

midsagittal must be midline whereas sagittal does not

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2
Q

what are is medial/lateral not applicable to?

A

below elbow

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3
Q

Thumbs out is standard position because:

A

ulnar and radius are STRAIGHT

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4
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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5
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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6
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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7
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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8
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?

A

3-4

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9
Q

What does the foramen transversarium do?

A

protects the vertebral artery

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the transverse process of the vertebrae?

A

it anchors the spine

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the articulate processes?

A

to fit into/stabilize vertebrae

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12
Q

what is in the zygapophysial (facet) joint?

A

1-2mL of synovial fluid

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13
Q

What type of cells produce synovial fluid?

A

goblet cells

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the facet joint?

A

to allow greater flexibility

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15
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen for?

A

Allows exit of dorsal and ventral peripheral roots out of the spinal cord

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16
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

the inner section of a intervertebral disc

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17
Q

how many attachments points do each rib have?

A

3 demifacets: 2 on own rib, one on superior rib

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18
Q

the head of the rib attaches to:

A

superior and inferior rib demifacets

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19
Q

what is an apenerosis?

A

a strong fibrous muscle attachment

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20
Q

Where is the trapezius attached?

A

Spine
spine of the scapula
head

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21
Q

What muscle group is immediately deep to the trapezius?

A

Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

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22
Q

The Rhomboid major is _______ to the rhomboid minor

A

inferior

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23
Q

How many muscles are attached to the scapula?

A

17

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24
Q

Where can the rhomboids be differentiated?

A

medial spine of the scapula

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25
Q

What is the levator scapula attached to? function?

A

superior medial border of the scapula and neck- NOT head. lifts shoulders

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26
Q

Muscles are bound in:

A

fascia

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27
Q

What muscle is immediately deep to the rhomboid group?

A

Serratus posterior superior

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28
Q

What muscle is deep to the latissimus dorsi?

A

Serratus posterior inferior

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29
Q

What superior muscle is deep to the trapezius?

A

Splenius capitis

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30
Q

What muscle is deep to the splenius capitis?

A

Semispinalis capitis

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31
Q

The teres major is superior to the:

A

latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

the teres minor is superior to the:

A

teres major

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33
Q

the supraspinatus is lateral to the:

A

levator scapula

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34
Q

T/F the shoulder is one of the two ball in socket joints in the body.

A

FALSE

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35
Q

muscle affected in 80% of rotator cuff injuries

A

supraspinatus

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36
Q

4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff:

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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37
Q

What are the three muscles that support the posterior aspect of the neck?

A
  1. trapezius
  2. splenius capitis
  3. semispinalis capitis
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38
Q

How can you differentiate the teres minor from the teres major?

A

the long head of the tricep is deep to the minor and superficial to the major

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39
Q

What makes up the borders of the quadrangular space?

A

surgical neck of the humerus- lateral
subscapularis- superior
long head of the triceps brachii- medial
teres major- inferior

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40
Q

What structures exit through the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve
posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

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41
Q

What structures make up the triangular interval?

A

shaft of the humerus- lateral
long head of triceps brachii- medial
teres major- superior

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42
Q

What structure exit through the triangular interval?

A

Radial nerve
profunda brachii artery

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43
Q

What structures make up the triangular space?

A

long head of triceps brachii- lateral
teres major- inferior
subscapularis- superior

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44
Q

What structures exit through the triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular artery

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45
Q

What are the three muscles that attach to the corocoid process?

A

Short head of the biceps
corocobrachialis
pectoralis minor

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46
Q

The bicipital aponeurosis connects the biceps to the:

A

ulna and radius

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47
Q

What are the two connection points of the corocoidbrachialis?

A

corocoidprocess and mid-humerus

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48
Q

What is the corocoidbrachialis important?

A

used to identify the brachial plexus because the musculocutaneous is the only nerve that fully penetrates a muscle.

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49
Q

What are the two attachment points of the brachialis muscle?

A

mid-humerus and ulna

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50
Q

Extension moved hand _____

A

up

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51
Q

Flexion moves hand ______

A

down

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52
Q

The muscle group on the top of the lower arm are:

A

extensors

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53
Q

The muscle group on the inferior belly of the lower arm are:

A

flexors

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54
Q

If there is a longus there’s a _____

A

brevis

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55
Q

policus =

A

thumb

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56
Q

holicus =

A

big toe

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57
Q

what’s inside the anconeus muscle?

A

a bone !

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58
Q

Pronator teres is immediately deep to

A

brachioradialis

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59
Q

What is the function of the pronator teres?

A

to pull radius over ulna/pronate hand/arm

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60
Q

function of palmarius longus

A

contract/flex palm

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61
Q

there is 1 set of extensors and 2 sets of flexors in the lower arm to assist with:

A

grip strength

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62
Q

What are the three nerves in the lower arm?

A

Radial, medial, ulnar

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63
Q

What are the four major branches of the brachial plexus?

A

musculocutaneous
ulnar
medial
radial

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64
Q

Which one of the four branches of the brachial plexus do not reach the hand?

A

musculocutaneous

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65
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

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66
Q

What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus

A

superior
middle
inferior

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67
Q

What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?

A

lateral
posterior
medial

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68
Q

Why is carpel tunnel so painful?

A

puts pressure on the
median nerve

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69
Q

What type of block covers the entire brachial plexus?

A

Scalene block

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70
Q

Which truck is formed by C5 and C6?

A

Superior

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71
Q

Which trunk is formed by a singular C7 root?

A

Middle

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72
Q

Which truck is formed by C8 and T1?

A

Inferior

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73
Q

The 3 trunks of the brachial plexus split into:

A

3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions

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74
Q

The phrenic nerve originates from:

A

C3,4,5

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75
Q

what nerve must come off the posterior cord before it becomes the radial?

A

axillary

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76
Q

Which two veins do not run with arteries?

A

Cephalic and saphenous

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77
Q

what muscle is immediately superior to the exit of the sciatic nerve?

A

piriformis

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78
Q

When does the brachiocephalic become the subclavian?

A

when it gives rise to the common carotid

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79
Q

When does the subclavian become the axillary?

A

when it passes the first rib

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80
Q

When does the axillary become brachial?

A

when it passes the teres major

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81
Q

What three structures are in the carotid sheath?

A
  1. Carotid artery
  2. Internal jugular vein
  3. Vagus nerve
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82
Q

What are the two major veins in the upper extremity?

A

cephalic
basilic

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83
Q

What vein connects the two major veins in the upper extremity?

A

median cubital vein

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84
Q

The external jugular is sister to the ________ as the internal jugular is sister to the carotid artery

A

thyrocervical trunk

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85
Q

What is the origin of the circumflex scapular artery?

A

Subscapular artery

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86
Q

Where is the carotid sinus and what is it?

A

it is where the carotid branches into the internal and external carotids.
it contains baroreceptors that assist in regulating blood pressure

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87
Q

What is the first branch off the external carotid artery?

A

superior thyroid artery

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88
Q

What is the second branch off the external carotid artery?

A

Lingual artery

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89
Q

What is the third branch off the external carotid artery?

A

Facial artery

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90
Q

What branches off the subclavian after the carotid?

A

vertebral
thyrocervical trunk superiorly
internal thoracic (mammary) artery inferiorly

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91
Q

What branches off the thyrocervical trunk?

A
  1. suprascapular artery - lateral
  2. transverse cervical - lateral
  3. inferior thyroid
  4. ascending cervical artery
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92
Q

What artery comes off the subclavian AFTER the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Vertebral artery

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93
Q

The nerves of the brachial plexus are named in relation to what structure?

A

Axillary artery

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94
Q

The axillary artery bifurcates into what 2 arteries?

A

Profundi brachii
Brachial

95
Q

What is the purpose of the obturator foramen?

A

Allows nerve to exit

96
Q

What is the purpose of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

helps contract the IT band

97
Q

What is the purpose of the iliotibial tract?

A

adds support to leg/prevents uncontrolled lateral movements that would damage knee

98
Q

What muscle is preferred for IM injections and why?

A

Gluteus medius- no cutaneous nerves

99
Q

What muscle is deep to the IT band?

A

Vastus Lateralis

100
Q

What muscle is medial to the posterior aspect of the vastus lateralis?

A

biceps femoris short & long head

101
Q

What muscle is medial to the biceps femoris?

A

Semitendenoses

102
Q

What muscle is DEEP to the semitendenosis?

A

Semimembranoses

103
Q

What muscle is medial to the tensor fasciae latae muscle?

A

Vastus Lateralis

104
Q

What muscle is medial on the anterior side of the vastus lateralis?

A

Rectus femoris

105
Q

What three structures are in the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. popliteal artery
  2. popliteal vein
  3. tibial nerve
106
Q

what muscle is superior to the piriformis?

A

gluteus minimus

107
Q

How can the gluteus median and minimus be differentiated?

A

the nerve should lay on TOP of the minimus

108
Q

what muscle is immediately deep to the semimembranoses?

A

Adductor magnus

109
Q

What muscle is inferior of the pirrformis?

A

superior gemellus

110
Q

what muscle is inferior to the superior gemellus?

A

obturator internus

111
Q

what muscle is inferior of the obturator internus

A

inferior gemellus

112
Q

What muscle is inferior if the inferior gemellus?

A

Quadratus femoris

113
Q

What two muscles are in the posterior aspect of the knee?

A

plantaris and popliteus

114
Q

what are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial and fibular

115
Q

what is another name for the common fibular nerve?

A

Peroneal

116
Q

What muscle is on the most medial aspect of the thigh?

A

Gracilis

117
Q

what are the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle called?

A

Medial and lateral

118
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body

A

Sartorius

119
Q

What is the longest tendon in the body?

A

plantaris

120
Q

what muscle is deep to the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Soleus muscle

121
Q

What artery branches off the subclavian first?

A

vertebral

122
Q

What is the purpose of the gluteus medius and minimus

A

to keep the pelvis contracted

123
Q

What nerve innervates the glutes minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

124
Q

What are three muscles that Pes anserinus?

A

Gracilis
Sartorius
Semitendenoses

125
Q

What nerve immediately branches off the sciatic?

A

Posterior femoral cutaneous

126
Q

What is medial to the iliopsoas muscle?

A

pectineus

127
Q

What is the most palpable area of the hip

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

128
Q

What are the three sections of the pelvis?

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

129
Q

What muscle does the phrenic nerve lie on?

A

Anterior scalene

130
Q

What are the four sections of the iliac crest?

A

inner lip, intermediate zone, outer zone, tuberculum

131
Q

What nerves runs by the adductor canal

A

saphenous

132
Q

The brachial plexus is _______ to the anterior scalene

A

deep

133
Q

What is deep to the rectus femoris

A

vastus intermedius

134
Q

what is medial to the rectus femoris?

A

vastus medialis

135
Q

What is the only nerve that supplies the foot that doesn’t originate from the sciatic?

A

saphenous

136
Q

What’s an important function of the rectus femoris?

A

forming the patellar ligament

137
Q

What nerve runs in the adductor canal?

A

Saphenous

138
Q

What 5 structures are on all vertebrae?

A

vertebral body
pedicle
transverse process
lamina
spinous process

139
Q

What muscle is medial to the pectineus muscle?

A

Adductor longus

140
Q

What muscle is medial to the adductor longus?

A

gracilis

141
Q

what nerve supplied the medial malleolus?

A

saphenous

142
Q

what are the 5 ankle block nerves?

A
  1. saphenous
  2. tibial
  3. sural
  4. deep peroneal
  5. superficial peroneal
143
Q

what structure is deep to the adductor longus?

A

adductor brevis

144
Q

when the femoral artery and vein exit the ______ they become the _______

A

adductor hiatus, popliteal

145
Q

What are the roots of the common fibular nerve?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2

146
Q

What roots make up the tibial nerve?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2, 3

147
Q

What are the sciatic nerve roots?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2, 3

148
Q

Which nerve supplied the later aspect of the lower extremity?

A

Fibular- everything on front of leg

149
Q

What nerve supplies sensation to the plantar surface of the foot?

A

Tibial

150
Q

What nerve innervates the top of the foot?

A

superficial fibular

151
Q

the lateral malleolus is supplied by the ______ Nerve

A

Sural

152
Q

what are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

medial- senitendinosus tendon and membrenosus
lateral- biceps femoris longus and brevis

153
Q

Which genicular nerve block should be avoided?

A

inferiorlateral- too close to peroneal nerve that supplied foot with motor innervation

154
Q

What are the three acceptable genicular blocks?

A

medial superior and inferior
lateral superior

155
Q

What does Tom Dick and Harry refer to?

A

Tibularis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor hollicus

156
Q

The extensor digitorum crosses over and is the most ______ muscle

A

medial

157
Q

Posterior aspect of lower leg has:

A

Flexors

158
Q

the sural nerve goes between:

A

the medial and lateral head of the gastrocnemius

159
Q

popliteal artery splits into:

A

anterior and posterior tibial

160
Q

What are the branches of the popliteal artery?

A

posterior tibial
anterior tibial

161
Q

what is the branch of the posterior tibial?

A

fibular

162
Q

What portion of the meniscus has blood supply?

A

2/3s

163
Q

The meniscus is a cushion between the _______ and the _____

A

head of the femur, tibia

164
Q

What is the anterior drawer’s sign?

A

Tibia glides forward due to tear in ACL

165
Q

What causes a posterior drawers sign?

A

knee hyper extension, PCL, baker’s cyst

166
Q

What is the most superficial anterior muscle on the lower aspect of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

167
Q

What is the most lateral muscle of the lower leg?

A

Fibularis longus

168
Q

What is the retinaculum?

A

thick fascia that allows (wrist and foot) tendons to be more effective.

169
Q

The deep fibular nerve lies ____ to the retinaculum

A

deep

170
Q

What nerve innervates the top of the toes?

A

superficial fibular

171
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

the area of which a nerve supplies

172
Q

What separates the compartments or the neck?

A

Fascia

173
Q

What is in the visceral compartment of the neck?

A

esophagus
trachea
thyroid

174
Q

Platysma muscle is

A

the wife muscle !!

175
Q

What is the only “floating” bone?

A

hyoid bone

176
Q

what are the two groups of anterior neck muscles?

A

suprahyoid
infrahyoid

177
Q

what muscle is immediately deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

omohypid

178
Q

________ and ______ are the two bellies of the omohypid

A

superior and inferior

179
Q

What is in the middle of the two bellies of the omohypid?

A

tendinous fascia

180
Q

What are the two attachments of the sternothyroid muscle?

A

inferior sternum
superior thyroid

181
Q

What two areas does the sternocledomastoid separate?

A

anterior triangle
posterior triangle

182
Q

Where is

A
183
Q

What is found on the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

carotid sheath

184
Q

What muscle lies immediately medial to the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

A

sternohyoid

185
Q

What muscle is inferior to the sternohyoid?

A

sternothyroid

186
Q

What is the most superficial suprahyoid muscle?

A

Digastricus

187
Q

What are the two muscles in the neck that have two bellies?

A

digastricus and omohyoid

188
Q

what’s the “hanger” for the hyoid bone?

A

fibrous loop of the digastricus

189
Q

if the _______ contracts it pulls the hyoid ______ and ______.

A

digastric muscle, up and out

190
Q

what is the function of the digastric muscle?

A

raise the floor of the mouth to aid in chewing

191
Q

what muscle raise the floor of the mouth during chewing?

A

mylohyoid

192
Q

what muscle is deep to the digastricus muscle?

A

mylohyoid

193
Q

what muscle is lateral to the superior belly of the omohyoid?

A

thyrohyoid

194
Q

What muscle is superior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

stylohyoid

195
Q

the mylohyoid attaches to the ______ then has a fibrous attachment to ____

A

mandible, itself in the middle

196
Q

what muscle gets your food to the back of your throat?

A

mylohyoid

197
Q

What muscle is deep to the mylohyoid?

A

geneohyoid

198
Q

anterior jugular veins and superficial to:

A

sternohyoid muscles

199
Q

External jugular veins are superior to the

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

200
Q

what muscle becomes superficial to the internal jugular vein?

A

omohyoid muscle

201
Q

what are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7

202
Q

what are the roots of the axillary nerve?

A

C 5, 6

203
Q

what are the roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

204
Q

What are the roots of the median nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

205
Q

What are the roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C7, 8, T1

206
Q

What two nerves branch off the superior trunk?

A

suprascapular
subclavius

207
Q

What muscle is immediately superior to the posterior belly of the digastricus?

A

stylohyoid

208
Q

What’s the largest duct in the body?

A

left thoracic

209
Q

The posterior scalene is connected to the

A

second rib

210
Q

the middle and anterior scalenes are connected to the

A

first rib

211
Q

Which muscle is vital to identifying important structures in the anterior neck

A

anterior scalene

212
Q

What structure is immediately deep to the anterior scalene

A

brachial plexus

213
Q

what structure is immediately superficially anterior and inferior to the anterior scalene?

A

subclavian vein

214
Q

where is the thyrocervical trunk in relation to the anterior scalene?

A

anterior and medial

215
Q

if blood pressure is too low the baroreceptors:

A

send impulse to SNS ganglion to increase heart rate

216
Q

If blood pressure is too high, baroreceptors:

A

send impulse to vagus nerve to decrease heart rate

217
Q

Where is the most common area for plaque to develop?

A

carotid sinus

218
Q

What causes plaque to develop?

A

increased pressure causes spinning of blood in vessels which damages the endothelial lining of the vessel, high LDL

219
Q

Where does the internal carotid go?

A

STRAIGHT to the brain

220
Q

what type of matter is in a ganglion!m?

A

gray matter

221
Q

What 2 places does the PNS originate from?

A

cervical
sacrum

222
Q

Where is the sympathetic chain ganglion?

A

runs down both sides of the spinal cord

223
Q

What are the sympathetic ganglion in the neck?

A

superior
middle
inferior

224
Q

Which sympathetic cervical ganglion receives information from the carotid sinus?

A

superior cervical ganglion

225
Q

What two types of cells are abundant in lymph?

A

monocytes
lymphocytes

226
Q

What is a serious complication of placing a left ij central line?

A

Cylothorax

227
Q

What roots innervate the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7

228
Q

What roots innervate the medial nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

229
Q

What roots innervate the radial nerve?

A

C5, 6, 7, 8, T1

230
Q

What roots innervate the Axillary nerve?

A

C5, C6

231
Q

What roots innervate the ulnar nerve

A

C7, 8, T1

232
Q

What roots make up the sciatic nerve

A

L4, 5, S1, 2, 3

233
Q

What roots make up the common fibular?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2

234
Q

What roots make up the tibial nerve?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2, 3

Gross Anatomy (3 decks)

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