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PA Summer 1 > anatomy exam 1 > Flashcards

anatomy exam 1 Flashcards

learn anatomy

1
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the back involved in?

A

Movements of the upper limb

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2
Q

What are the intermediate group of muscles in the back involved in and where do they attach to?

A

involved in respiration and are attached to ribs.

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3
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

A

trapezius, lattissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae.

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4
Q

where does the trapezius originate?

A

Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, ligmentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C VII to T XII.

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5
Q

where does the trapezius insert?

A

Lateral one third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

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6
Q

what innervates the trapezius?

A

accessory nerve [XI] and proprioception C3 and C4

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7
Q

What is the function of the trapezius?

A

Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula

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8
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?

A

Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII

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9
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

A

Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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10
Q

what innervated the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8

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11
Q

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

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12
Q

where does the levator scapulae originate?

A

Transverse processes of CI to CIV

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13
Q

where does the levator scapulae insert?

A

Upper portion medial border of scapula

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14
Q

what innervates the levator scapulae?

A

C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve

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15
Q

what is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

elevation of the scapula

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16
Q

where does the rhomboid major originate?

A

Spinous processes of TII to TV

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17
Q

where does the rhomboid major insert?

A

Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

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18
Q

what innervates the rhomboid major?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

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19
Q

what is the function of the rhomboid major?

A

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

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20
Q

what is the origin of the rhomboid minor?

A

Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI

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21
Q

what is the insertion of the rhomboid minor?

A

Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula

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22
Q

what innervates the rhomboid minor?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5

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23
Q

what is the function of the rhomboid minor?

A

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

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24
Q

what are the intermediate muscles of the back?

A

serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior

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25
Q

where does the serratus posterior superior originate?

A

Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments

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26
Q

where does the serratus posterior superior insert?

A

Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles

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27
Q

what innervates the serratus posterior superior?

A

Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)

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28
Q

what is the function of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Elevates ribs II to V

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29
Q

what is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligament

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30
Q

what is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles

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31
Q

what innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)

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32
Q

what is the function of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts

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33
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles responsible for?`

A

maintaining posture, moving vertebral column

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34
Q

where does the splenius capitis originate?

A

Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV

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35
Q

where does the splenius capitis insert?

A

Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line

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36
Q

what innervates the splenius capitis?

A

Posterior rami of middle cervical nerves

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37
Q

what is the function of the splenius capitis?

A

Together—draw head backward, extending neck; individually—draw and rotate head to one side (turn face

38
Q

what is the origin of the splenius cervicis?

A

Spinous processes of TIII to TVI

39
Q

what is the origin of the splenius cervicis?

A

Transverse processes of CI to CIII

40
Q

what innervates the splenius capitis?

A

Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves

41
Q

what is the function of the splenius capitis?

A

Together—extend neck; individually—draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)

42
Q

what are the three erector spinae muscles?

A

Iliocostalis (lateral column) Longissimus(middle column) and the Spinalis (medial column)

43
Q

what do the erector spinae muscles do?

A

they are the primary extensors of the vertebral column and head. when acting bilaterally, they extend the back. when acting unilaterally, lateral flexion.

44
Q

where are the transversospinales muscles located?

A

Deep to the erector spinae muscles.

45
Q

what are the transversosinales muscles function?

A

when they contract bilaterally, they extend the vertebral column. if the muscles on one side contract only, they pull the spinous processes towards the transverse processes on that side causing the trunk to turn the opposite direction.

46
Q

what is a unique function of the semispinalis capitis?

A

when it contracts bilaterally, it pulls the head posteriorly. when muscles on only one side contract, Pulls head posteriorly & turns it causing chin to move superiorly & turn toward side of contracting muscle.

47
Q

what are the transversospinales muscles? (Three major subgroups)

A

Semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.

48
Q

what is the origin of the semispinalis muscle?

A

transverse processes

49
Q

what is the insertion of the semispinalis muscle?

A

the spinous processes of the superior vertera and skull (capitis)

50
Q

where is the multifidus located?

A

deep to the semispinalis

51
Q

what is the function of the multifdus?

A

stabilizes vertebrae.

52
Q

what are the deepest of the transversopinales muscles?

A

the roatores

53
Q

what are the segmental muscles of the back?

A

levatores costarum, interspinales, and intertransversarii.

54
Q

what is the origin od the levators costarum?

A

transverse processes

55
Q

where do the levator costarum insert?

A

the rib below where they originate

56
Q

what is the function of the levatores costarum?

A

elevates rib

57
Q

what is the function of the interspinales muscles?

A

stabilize adjoining vertebrae

58
Q

what is the function of the intertransversarii?

A

stabilize adjoining vertebrae

59
Q

what are the four suboccipital muscles?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, and obliquus capitis suprerior

60
Q

where are the four suboccipital muscles found?

A

the upper cervical region at the base of the occipital bone

61
Q

what is the function of the suboccipital muscles?

A

extension and rotation of the head

62
Q

what innervates the suboccipital muscles?

A

posterior ramus of C1

63
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

Between L1 and L2`

64
Q

what is the distal end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

65
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

bundles of nerve roots from the lumbrosacral region and conus medullaris

66
Q

what is the fine filament of connective tissue that continues inferiorly from the apex of the conus medullaris called?

A

filum terminale

67
Q

where is the cervical enlargement associated with?

A

C5 and T1

68
Q

where is the lumbrosacral enlargment associated with?

A

L1 and S3

69
Q

what does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

nerve cell bodies

70
Q

what does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

nerve cell processes

71
Q

what is the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

A

longitudinally oriented arteries and segmental spinal arteries (these are feeder arteries that enter the vertebral canal through intervertebral formina at every level.

72
Q

what is the largest segmental medullary artery?

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz

73
Q

where does the artery of Adamkiewicz arise from and on what side does it usually arise from?

A

arises in lower thoracis or upper lumbar region usually on the left side.

74
Q

what are the three connective tissue layers that surround the spinal cord from most superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

75
Q

between which layer of connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord contains CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

76
Q

what is the dura mater seprated from bone by? what does this space contain?

A

extradural (epidural) space. contains loose connective tissue, fat, and a venous plexus

77
Q

what borders the veterbral canal anteriorly?

A

vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and posterior longitudinal ligament.

78
Q

what borders the vertebral canal laterally?

A

pedicles and intravertebral foramina

79
Q

what borders the vertebral canal posteriorly?

A

laminae and ligamentum flava

80
Q

how does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?

A

laterally via intervertebral formamen

81
Q

what is the joint between superior and inferior articular processes called?

A

zygapophysial joint

82
Q

what do the anterior rami innervate?

A

most regions of the body except the head and back

83
Q

what do the posterior rami innervate?

A

intrinsic muscles of the back

84
Q

what do the posterior roots do?

A

contain the processes of sensory neurons which carry signals TO the CNS

85
Q

what do the anterior roots do?

A

they contain motor nerve fibers that carry signals AWAY from the CNS.

86
Q

Where does C8 emerge?

A

between C7 and T1

87
Q

where do all spinal nerves beginning with T1 emerge?

A

from the canal below their respective vertebrae

88
Q

where do C2-C7 emerge from?

A

from canal above their respective verebrae

89
Q

What make up the borders of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior.

90
Q

what is located within the suboccipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery and the posterior ramus of C1.

PA Summer 1 (4 decks)

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