anatomy exam 1

Question 1

what are the superficial muscles of the back involved in?

Answer 1

Movements of the upper limb

Question 2

What are the intermediate group of muscles in the back involved in and where do they attach to?

Answer 2

involved in respiration and are attached to ribs.

Question 3

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

Answer 3

trapezius, lattissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae.

Question 4

where does the trapezius originate?

Answer 4

Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, ligmentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C VII to T XII.

Question 5

where does the trapezius insert?

Answer 5

Lateral one third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Question 6

what innervates the trapezius?

Answer 6

accessory nerve [XI] and proprioception C3 and C4

Question 7

What is the function of the trapezius?

Answer 7

Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula

Question 8

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?

Answer 8

Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII

Question 9

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

Answer 9

Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Question 10

what innervated the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 10

Thoracodorsal nerve (C6 to C8

Question 11

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 11

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

Question 12

where does the levator scapulae originate?

Answer 12

Transverse processes of CI to CIV

Question 13

where does the levator scapulae insert?

Answer 13

Upper portion medial border of scapula

Question 14

what innervates the levator scapulae?

Answer 14

C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve

Question 15

what is the function of the levator scapulae?

Answer 15

elevation of the scapula

Question 16

where does the rhomboid major originate?

Answer 16

Spinous processes of TII to TV

Question 17

where does the rhomboid major insert?

Answer 17

Medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle

Question 18

what innervates the rhomboid major?

Answer 18

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Question 19

what is the function of the rhomboid major?

Answer 19

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

Question 20

what is the origin of the rhomboid minor?

Answer 20

Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI

Question 21

what is the insertion of the rhomboid minor?

Answer 21

Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula

Question 22

what innervates the rhomboid minor?

Answer 22

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5

Question 23

what is the function of the rhomboid minor?

Answer 23

Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula

Question 24

what are the intermediate muscles of the back?

Answer 24

serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior

Question 25

where does the serratus posterior superior originate?

Answer 25

Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments

Question 26

where does the serratus posterior superior insert?

Answer 26

Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles

Question 27

what innervates the serratus posterior superior?

Answer 27

Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves (T2 to T5)

Question 28

what is the function of the serratus posterior superior?

Answer 28

Elevates ribs II to V

Question 29

what is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 29

Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligament

Question 30

what is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 30

Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles

Question 31

what innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 31

Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves (T9 to T12)

Question 32

what is the function of the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 32

Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm contracts

Question 33

what are the intrinsic muscles responsible for?`

Answer 33

maintaining posture, moving vertebral column

Question 34

where does the splenius capitis originate?

Answer 34

Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV

Question 35

where does the splenius capitis insert?

Answer 35

Mastoid process, skull below lateral one third of superior nuchal line

Question 36

what innervates the splenius capitis?

Answer 36

Posterior rami of middle cervical nerves

Question 37

what is the function of the splenius capitis?

Answer 37

Together—draw head backward, extending neck; individually—draw and rotate head to one side (turn face

Question 38

what is the origin of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 38

Spinous processes of TIII to TVI

Question 39

what is the origin of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 39

Transverse processes of CI to CIII

Question 40

what innervates the splenius capitis?

Answer 40

Posterior rami of lower cervical nerves

Question 41

what is the function of the splenius capitis?

Answer 41

Together—extend neck; individually—draw and rotate head to one side (turn face to same side)

Question 42

what are the three erector spinae muscles?

Answer 42

Iliocostalis (lateral column) Longissimus(middle column) and the Spinalis (medial column)

Question 43

what do the erector spinae muscles do?

Answer 43

they are the primary extensors of the vertebral column and head. when acting bilaterally, they extend the back. when acting unilaterally, lateral flexion.

Question 44

where are the transversospinales muscles located?

Answer 44

Deep to the erector spinae muscles.

Question 45

what are the transversosinales muscles function?

Answer 45

when they contract bilaterally, they extend the vertebral column. if the muscles on one side contract only, they pull the spinous processes towards the transverse processes on that side causing the trunk to turn the opposite direction.

Question 46

what is a unique function of the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 46

when it contracts bilaterally, it pulls the head posteriorly. when muscles on only one side contract, Pulls head posteriorly & turns it causing chin to move superiorly & turn toward side of contracting muscle.

Question 47

what are the transversospinales muscles? (Three major subgroups)

Answer 47

Semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.

Question 48

what is the origin of the semispinalis muscle?

Answer 48

transverse processes

Question 49

what is the insertion of the semispinalis muscle?

Answer 49

the spinous processes of the superior vertera and skull (capitis)

Question 50

where is the multifidus located?

Answer 50

deep to the semispinalis

Question 51

what is the function of the multifdus?

Answer 51

stabilizes vertebrae.

Question 52

what are the deepest of the transversopinales muscles?

Answer 52

the roatores

Question 53

what are the segmental muscles of the back?

Answer 53

levatores costarum, interspinales, and intertransversarii.

Question 54

what is the origin od the levators costarum?

Answer 54

transverse processes

Question 55

where do the levator costarum insert?

Answer 55

the rib below where they originate

Question 56

what is the function of the levatores costarum?

Answer 56

elevates rib

Question 57

what is the function of the interspinales muscles?

Answer 57

stabilize adjoining vertebrae

Question 58

what is the function of the intertransversarii?

Answer 58

stabilize adjoining vertebrae

Question 59

what are the four suboccipital muscles?

Answer 59

Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, and obliquus capitis suprerior

Question 60

where are the four suboccipital muscles found?

Answer 60

the upper cervical region at the base of the occipital bone

Question 61

what is the function of the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 61

extension and rotation of the head

Question 62

what innervates the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 62

posterior ramus of C1

Question 63

where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 63

Between L1 and L2`

Question 64

what is the distal end of the spinal cord called?

Answer 64

conus medullaris

Question 65

what is the cauda equina?

Answer 65

bundles of nerve roots from the lumbrosacral region and conus medullaris

Question 66

what is the fine filament of connective tissue that continues inferiorly from the apex of the conus medullaris called?

Answer 66

filum terminale

Question 67

where is the cervical enlargement associated with?

Answer 67

C5 and T1

Question 68

where is the lumbrosacral enlargment associated with?

Answer 68

L1 and S3

Question 69

what does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 69

nerve cell bodies

Question 70

what does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 70

nerve cell processes

Question 71

what is the arterial supply of the spinal cord?

Answer 71

longitudinally oriented arteries and segmental spinal arteries (these are feeder arteries that enter the vertebral canal through intervertebral formina at every level.

Question 72

what is the largest segmental medullary artery?

Answer 72

the artery of Adamkiewicz

Question 73

where does the artery of Adamkiewicz arise from and on what side does it usually arise from?

Answer 73

arises in lower thoracis or upper lumbar region usually on the left side.

Question 74

what are the three connective tissue layers that surround the spinal cord from most superficial to deep?

Answer 74

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 75

between which layer of connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord contains CSF?

Answer 75

subarachnoid space

Question 76

what is the dura mater seprated from bone by? what does this space contain?

Answer 76

extradural (epidural) space. contains loose connective tissue, fat, and a venous plexus

Question 77

what borders the veterbral canal anteriorly?

Answer 77

vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and posterior longitudinal ligament.

Question 78

what borders the vertebral canal laterally?

Answer 78

pedicles and intravertebral foramina

Question 79

what borders the vertebral canal posteriorly?

Answer 79

laminae and ligamentum flava

Question 80

how does a spinal nerve exit the vertebral canal?

Answer 80

laterally via intervertebral formamen

Question 81

what is the joint between superior and inferior articular processes called?

Answer 81

zygapophysial joint

Question 82

what do the anterior rami innervate?

Answer 82

most regions of the body except the head and back

Question 83

what do the posterior rami innervate?

Answer 83

intrinsic muscles of the back

Question 84

what do the posterior roots do?

Answer 84

contain the processes of sensory neurons which carry signals TO the CNS

Question 85

what do the anterior roots do?

Answer 85

they contain motor nerve fibers that carry signals AWAY from the CNS.

Question 86

Where does C8 emerge?

Answer 86

between C7 and T1

Question 87

where do all spinal nerves beginning with T1 emerge?

Answer 87

from the canal below their respective vertebrae

Question 88

where do C2-C7 emerge from?

Answer 88

from canal above their respective verebrae

Question 89

What make up the borders of the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 89

Rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior.

Question 90

what is located within the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 90

Vertebral artery and the posterior ramus of C1.