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clinical methods > Anatomy Exam 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume and pressure are inversely related. Ex: Volume increases, pressure decreases. Volume decreases, pressure increases.

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2
Q

Transverse

A

divides lower and upper half

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3
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

Pressure outside the body.

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4
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides left and right

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5
Q

Ventral vs Dorsal

A

Pertaining to belly. Pertaining to back of body

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6
Q

Sequence of events for inspiration.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases.
  3. lungs stretched; alveolar volume increases.
  4. alveolar (pulmonic) pressure drops.
  5. Air flows into the lungs until pressure is equalized.
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7
Q

Anterior vs posterior

A

Front and Back

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8
Q

Cranial vs caudal

A

Towards the skull vs towards the tail

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9
Q

Superior vs inferior

A

Above vs below

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10
Q

Sequence of events for inspiration.

A
  1. expiratory muscles contract (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends)
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  3. elastic lungs recoil; alveolar volume decreases.
  4. alveolar (pulmonic) pressure rises.
  5. air flows out of the lungs until alveolar pressure is o.
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11
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

Towards the origin vs away from origin

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12
Q

Respiratory Cycle

A

One cycle is one inspiration and one expiration.

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13
Q

Medial vs lateral

A

toward midline vs away from midline

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14
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

The volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration.

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15
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled following passive, tidal expiration.

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16
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.
(Also known as resting lung volume)

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17
Q

Superficial vs deep

A

Closer to surface vs further from surface

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18
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

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19
Q

Dead Air Space

A

Air in the conductive passageway of the respiratory system that never undergoes gas exchange.

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20
Q

External vs internal

A

Outside vs within body

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21
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Total volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration.
IRV+TV+ERV

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22
Q

Flexion

A

Bending at a joint toward ventral surface

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23
Q

Extension

A

Act of pulling 2 ends further apart (opposite of flexion)

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24
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

The volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration.
ERV+RV

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25
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extending too much

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26
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration.
TV+IRV

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27
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

The sum of all of the volumes.
TV+IRV+ERV+RV

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28
Q

Five pressures for nonspeech and speech function.

A
  1. Alveolar pressure
  2. intrapleural pressure
  3. subglottal pressure
  4. intraoral pressure
  5. atmospheric pressure
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29
Q

Alveolar (pulmonic) Pressure

A

Pressure that is present within individual alveolus

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30
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

Pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleura. It is negative throughout respiration.

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31
Q

Subglottal Pressure

A

Pressure beneath the level of the vocal folds (glottis).

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32
Q

Intraoral (mouth) pressure

A

The pressure within the oral cavity.

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33
Q

Pressure changes during inspiration

A
  1. lung volume increases
  2. alveolar pressure decreases
  3. subglottal pressure decreases
  4. intraoral pressure decreases
  5. intrapleural pressure decreases
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34
Q

Pressure changes during expiration

A
  1. lung volume decreases
  2. alveolar pressure increases
  3. subglottal pressure increases
  4. intraoral pressure increases
  5. intrapleural pressure increases
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35
Q

Pressure when the vocal folds are open

A

subglottal and intraoral pressures are equal to alveolar pressure

36
Q

Plantar

A

Referring to the sole of the foot, ventral surface

37
Q

Pressure when the vocal folds are closed

A

subglottal pressure increases and intraoral pressure drops to near atmospheric pressure

38
Q

Pressures of speech during normal respiration.

A

inhalation takes up 40% of the cycle and expiration 60%.

39
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension of the toes

40
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Elevation of upper surface of foot, dorsal surface

41
Q

pressures of speech during speech.

A

you spend only 10% of the cycle on inspiration and about 90% on breathing out.

42
Q

Transversus Thoracis

A

Function: depresses rib cage
Origin: inner thoracic lateral margin of sternum
Insertion: Inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6

43
Q

Plantar grasp reflex

A

Reaction to stimulation of the sole of the foot that causes toes to grasp

44
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot inward

45
Q

Eversion

A

Turning foot outward

46
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of hand, ventral surface

47
Q

Subcostals

A

Function: depresses thorax
Origin: inner posterior thorax
Insertion: inner surface of 2nd or 3rd rib below

48
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

A

Fingers flex in response to palm stroke

49
Q

Serratus posterior inferior

A

Function: contraction pulls the rib cage down supporting expiratory effort
origin: spinous processes of T11, T12, L1-L3
Insertion: lower margin of ribs 7-12

50
Q

Pronation

A

Palms facing down in prone position

51
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Function: compresses the lower rib cage wall
origin: lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae
insertion: humerus

52
Q

Lateral iliocostalis thoracis

A

Function: helps to stabilize the back of the rib cage wall
origin: upper edges of R7-R12
Insertion: lower edges of R1-R6

53
Q

Supination

A

Palms facing up in supine position

54
Q

Lateral Iliocostalis lumborum.

A

Function: depresses the lower six ribs
Origin: lumbodorsal fascia, lumbar vertebrae, and posterior surface of coxal bone
insertion: lower edges of R7-R12

55
Q

Abduction

56
Q

Adduction

57
Q

Depressor

A

Pulls structure downward

58
Q

External oblique abdominis

A

Function: (1)rotates and
flexes trunk (2)
compresses the anterior
and lateral walls of the
abdomen
Origin: osseous portion of
the lower seven ribs
Insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, abdominal aponeurosis

59
Q

Internal Oblique Abdominis

A

Function: (1)rotates and
flexes trunk (2) compresses
the anterior and lateral
walls of the abdomen
Origin: inguinal ligament
and iliac crest
Insertion: cartilaginous
portion of lower ribs and
portion of abdominal
aponeurosis

60
Q

Levator

A

Elevates raises structure

61
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Function: (1)flexion of vertebral column (2) compresses the abdomen
Origin: pubis inferiorly
insertion: xiphoid process and cartilage of ribs 5-7

62
Q

Transversus abdominis

A

Function: compresses abdomen
origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column
insertion: transversus abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of ribs 6-12

63
Q

Tensor

A

Tenses structure

64
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Cover surfaces and form barriers

65
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

Function: bilateral contraction fixes the abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression
origin: iliac crest
Insertion: transerve processes of the lumbar vertebrae and rib 12

66
Q

Muscle Cells

A

Produce mechanical forces

67
Q

Connective tissue

A

Form and secrete support elements

68
Q

diaphragm

A

Primary muscle used in respiration.

69
Q

Nerve cells

A

Transmit information

70
Q

Epithelial glandular and ciliated (purpose)

A

glandular- secretes fluids.
Ciliated- baseplate or basement underlies epithelial tissue

71
Q

Connective (Purpose)

A

fascia- sheet like membrane of connective tissue that surrounds organs
Tendon- muscle to bone or cartilage
Ligament- bone to bone. Organ to organ
Cartilage-tensile strength, elasticity, 4 types
Bone- hardest connective tissue
Blood- plasma and blood cells suspended in the matrix

72
Q

External Intercostal

A

Function: elevates rib cage
Origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
Insertion: upper surface of rib immediately below

73
Q

Muscular types

A

Striated- moves skeletal structures
Smooth- digestive tract and blood vessels
Cardiac- composed of cells that interconnect like net
Origin- proximal closer to midline
Insertion- distal

74
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

Function: elevates sternum and thus increases the transverse dimension of the ribcage
origin: sternum and clavicle
insertion: humerus

75
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Function: increases transverse dimension of rib cage
Origin: anterior surface of ribs 3-5 near chondral portion
insertion: scapula

76
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Function: elevates ribs 1-9
origin: ribs 1-9, lateral surface
insertion: scapula

77
Q

Subclavius

A

Function: elevates rib 1
Origin: inferior surface of clavicle
Insertion: superior surface of rib 1 at chondral margin

78
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Function: flexes the neck and helps with movement of the head.
Origin: central portion of the collarbone
Insertion: temporal bone’s mastoid process near the ear and the base of the skull

79
Q

Agonist vs antagonist

A

muscles that move a structure vs muscles that oppose a movement

81
Q

Neural tisssue

A

Transmits info

82
Q

Organs for speech and hearing

A

Brain
Bronchi
Ears
Lungs
Larynx
Mouth
Nose
Tongue
Trachea

83
Q

Systems for speech and hearing

A

Respiratory
Phonatory
Articulatory
Resonatory
Nervous
Auditory
Vesibular

84
Q

Cervical vertebra

A

supports the head
7 total

85
Q

Atlas and axis vertebrae

A

Holds base of skull
Allows “no” movement

clinical methods (4 decks)

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