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Acem Primary > anatomy everything else > Flashcards

anatomy everything else Flashcards

1
Q

paralysis of the lower lip is damage of what nerve

A

marginal mandibular branch of CNVII

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2
Q

what are the pleural reflections

A

abrupt lines along which the PARIETAL pleura change direction as it passes from one wall to the other

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3
Q

what are the 3 pleural reflections

A

sternal
costal
vertebral/diaphragmatic

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4
Q

where are the pleural reflections at the sternal line on the right and the left

A

right - level of 6th costal cartilage
left - level of 4th costal cartilage

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4
Q

how do the vagus nerves enter the superior mediastinum

A

posterior to their respective sternoclavicular joint and braciocephalic veins

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5
Q

describe the route of the right vagus nerve in the mediastinum

A

Runs posteriorinferiorly through the superior mediastinum on the right side of the trachea
Passes posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC and root of right lung
divides into branches to contribute to the right pulmonary plexus

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6
Q

what happens the right vagus nerve after it has contributed to the right pulmonary plexus

A

leaves as a single nerve
passes to the oesophagus to contribute to the oesophageal plexus
also contributes to the cardiac plexus

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7
Q

how does the left phrenic nerve enter the superior mediastinum

A

between the subclavian artery and brachiocephalic vein

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8
Q

describe the route of the right phrenic nerve

A

passes along the RIGHT side of the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC, pericardium of right atrium
passes ANTERIOR to the root of the right lung
descends on the right side of the IVC to the diaphragm

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9
Q

what are subarachnoid cisterns

A

openings in the subarachnoid space
created by separation of the arachnoid and pia mater
contain CSF and soft tissue structures that anchor the brain

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10
Q

what is the largest subarachnoid cistern

A

cerebellomedullary
receives CSF from 4th ventricle

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11
Q

location of the ambient subarachnoid cistern

A

on the lateral aspect of the midbrain
continuous posteriorly with the quadrageminal cistern

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12
Q

where is the Chiasmatic subarachnoid cistern

A

inferior and anterior to the optic chiasm

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13
Q

which cistern contains parts of the great cerebral vein

A

Quadrigeminal cistern

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13
Q

name the 5 subarachnoid cisterns

A

Cerebellomedullary (largest)
Pontocerebellar
Chiasmatic
Quadrigeminal (contains great cerebral vein)
Ambient

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14
Q

examples of hyaline cartilage

A

costal
nasal
tracheobronchial
laryngeal
articular cartilage of typical synovial joints
epiphyseal growth plates

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15
Q

what type of cartilage is hyaline cartilage

A

found at joint surfaces
a pearly bluish colour with firm consistency and considerable collagen
no nerves or blood vessels
covered by a fibrous membrane called perichondrium

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16
Q

examples of fibrocartilage

A

knee menisci
intervertbral discs
glenoid labrum
articular surface of clavicle

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17
Q

In relation to bone what is the periostium

A

a thick layer of vascular fibrous tissue that covers the outer surface of the bone
nutrition of the bone depends on the integrity of the periostiums blood vessels
does not cover articulating surfaces of the bone

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18
Q

what is cancellous bone capable of

A

rearrangement in response to strain
it is spongy bone

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19
Q

describe and give and example of secondary cartilaginous joints

A

strong, slightly moveable joints
united by fibrocartilage
eg intervertebral discs

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20
Q

myotome for plantar flexion

A

S1/S2

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21
Q

shoulder abduction myotome

A

C5

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22
Q

myotome elbow extension

A

C6/C7

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23
Q

myotome of opponens pollicis

A

T1 (small C8 component)

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24
Q

what is a direct connection of the vestibular nucleus

A

vestibulospinal tract

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25
Q

foot inversion myotome

A

L4, L5

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26
Q

knee flexion myotome

A

L5 S1

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27
Q

shoulder adduction and medial rotation myotome

A

C6 C7 C8

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28
Q

myotome for great toe extension

A

L5

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29
Q

upper limb pronation myotome

A

C7 C8

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30
Q

upper limb supination myotome

A

C6

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31
Q

wrist flexion myotome

A

C7

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32
Q

wrist extension myotome

A

C6

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33
Q

what nerve supplies general sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

lingual nerve of CNV3
cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion

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34
Q

what nerve supplies taste for the anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

chorda tympani nerve from CNVII
cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion

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35
Q

elbow flexion myotome

A

C5/C6

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36
Q

elbow extension myotome

A

C6/C7

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37
Q

what structures pass through the clavipectoral fascia/costocoracoid membrane

A

lymphatics - in
cephalic vein - in
thoracoacromial artery - out
lateral pectoral nerve - out

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38
Q

contents of the lesser sciatic foramen

A

(PINT)
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Nerve to obturator internus muscle
Tendon of obturator internus

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39
Q

according to Hiltons law which nerves supply the hip joint

A

femoral
obturator
nerve to quadratus femoris
superior gluteal

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40
Q

regarding cerebral circulation what is the largest vessel

A

middle cerebral artery

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40
Q

regarding cerebral circulation where are congenital aneurysms commonly found

A

on the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating artery

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41
Q

the dorsal column pathways synapse where ?

A

Gracile and cuneate nuclei
end inthe lower part of the medulla

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42
Q

what do the dorsal column pathways do

A

ascending fibres concerned with light/discriminative touch, vibration sense, proprioception, sense of fullness in the bladder and rectum

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43
Q

where is the medulla

A

it is in the posterior cranial fossa
part of the brainstem between pons and spinal cord

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44
Q

what is the blood supply of the medulla

A

vertebral and basilar arteries
posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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45
Q

what cranial nerves come from the medulla

A

9 10 and 12

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46
Q

what do the spinocerebellar tracts convey

A

unconcious proprioceptive information from cord to cerebellum

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47
Q

what are the 3 structures/tracts that control posture and movement

A

vestibulo-spinal tract
lateral reticulo - spinal
spino - cerebellar

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48
Q

what action of the eye does superior rectus cause

A

adducts, elevates and medially rotates the eye ball

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49
Q

what happens to the eye with combined action of superior rectus and inferior oblique

A

vertical upward movement

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50
Q

regarding cerebral blood supply what does the territory of the anterior cerebral artery control

A

contralateral leg
micturition
defacation

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51
Q

regarding cerebral blood supply what does the territory of the middle cerebral artery control

A

motor and sensory are of opposite side except lower limb.
speech and auditory area

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52
Q

regarding cerebral blood supply what does the territory of the posterior cerebral artery control

A

visual area for the field of vision on the opposite side

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53
Q

where does the midbrain lie and what is its blood supply

A

posterior cranial fossa
posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries

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54
Q

which muscle controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx

A

posterior criocoarytenoid

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55
Q

where does the internal jugular vein lie in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

It runs deep to the two heads of sternocleidomastoid

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56
Q

what nerves do the gag reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve for afferent,
vagus nerve for efferent

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57
Q

what lies in the stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve
stylomastoid artery
it is the termination of the facial canal

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58
Q

muscle contents of the posterior triangle

A

splenius capitus
levator scapulae
middle scalene
posteror scalene

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59
Q

arteries in the posterior triangle

A

lateral branches of the thyrocervical trunk
subclavian 3rd part
suprascapular
cervicodorsal trunk
superficial cervical artery
dorsal scapular artery

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60
Q

veins in the posterior triangle

A

external jugular vein
subclavian vein

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61
Q

nerves in the posterior triangle of the neck

A

spinal accessory
roots of the brachial plexus
suprascapular
roots of cervical plexus
superior and inferior root of ansa cervicalis
cutaneous branch of cervical plexus
great auricular
transverse cervical
supraclicular
phrenic
acessory phrenic

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62
Q

branches of the opthalmic nerve (CNV1)

A

lacrimal
supraorbital
supratrochlear
infratrochlear
external nasal

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63
Q

in cerebral blood flow where does the great cerebral vein drain

A

with the inferior sagittal sinus forms the straight sinus
drains into the transverse sinuses

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64
Q

where do the cerebral veins lie

A

subarachnoid space

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65
Q

what opens into the inferior meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

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66
Q

While transversing the temporal bone within the facial canal, CN VII gives rise to following nerves?

A

Greater petrosal nerve
chorda tympani nerve
Nerve to stapedius

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67
Q

The alar ligaments connect which of structures

A

Dens to foramen magnum

68
Q

regarding the right coronary artery what % supplies the SA nod and the AV node

A

SA node 60%
AV node 80%

69
Q

where does the right coronary artery arise from

A

the right aortic sinus

70
Q

what does the internal thoracic artery supply

A

directly supplies the superior 6 intercostal spaces

71
Q

describe the course of the internal thoracic artery

A

arises at the root of the neck
descends into the thorax posterior to the clavicle and 1st costal cartilage
descends 1cm lateral to the border of the sternum
gives off 2 anterior intercostal arteries in each intercostal space
has 12 branches

72
Q

what is the internal thoracic artery a branch of

A

branch of the first part of the subclavian

73
Q

landmarks of the oesophagus

A

begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at C6
passes through the diaphragm at level T10
ends at the cardiac orifice at T11

74
Q

where is the oesophagus the its narrowest

A

at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter

75
Q

where does the trachea start

A

at the level of the cricoid cartilage below C6

76
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung

A

10 bronchopulmonary segments

77
Q

where does aspirated material tend to lodge in the lung

A

apical segment of the right lower lobe

78
Q

where do the bronchial veins drain into on the left and the right?

A

accessory hemiazygous vein on the left
azygos vein on the right

79
Q

in the chest wall where does the neurovascular bundle lie

A

between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

79
Q

In relation to the lung roots/hilum where do the vagus nerves run

A

behind the lung root

80
Q

In relation to the lung roots/hilum where do the phrenic nerves run

A

in front of the lung root closer to the pericardium

81
Q

referred pancreatic pain is felt where

A

T6 to T10

82
Q

which lymph nodes drain the testes and ovaries

A

para aortic nodes

83
Q

what drains into the superficial inguinal lymph

A

lower limb
inferolateral quadrant of the trunk
gluteal region
superficial perineal structures

84
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the colon

A

via superior and inferior mesenteric lymph

85
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

19.5-22cm

86
Q

where is the narrowest part of the male urethra

A

at the external meatus

87
Q

in the male urethra where is the spongy urethre

A

within the corpus spongiosum of the penis

88
Q

what is the tough fibrous outer surface of the testes

A

the tunica albuginea

89
Q

what is the surface of each testis

A

visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

90
Q

where do the renal arteries originate

A

L1

90
Q

what is the surface marking of the abdominal aorta

A

just above the transpyloric plane to a point just below and to the left of the umbilicus

91
Q

what is the position of the appendix

A

retrocaecal position in the absence of disease
opens onto the caecum 2cm below the ileocaecal valve

92
Q

in the anal canal superior to the pectinate line where does the lymph drain

A

internal iliac lymph nodes

93
Q

in the anal canal inferior to the pectinate line where does the lymph drain

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

94
Q

what structures pass through the transpyloric plane

A

9th costal cartilage
fundus of the gallbaldder
lower border of the first lumbar vertebra
spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris
pylorus
head neck and body of pacnreas
SMA
splenic vein
hilum of each kidney

95
Q

superior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into

A

splenic vein

96
Q

inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into?

A

SMA

97
Q

what is the arterial blood supply of the stomach

A

left and right gastric arteries
six short gastric arteries
left and right gastroepiploic arteries

98
Q

anatomical landmark of the cardia of stomach

A

midline at the level of T11

99
Q

what is the length of the duodenum

A

25cm

100
Q

what anatomical level does the duodenum lie

A

L1 to L4

101
Q

what is the first branch of the abdominal aorta

A

inferior phrenic arteries

102
Q

what is the main vessel supplying the body of the pancreas

A

splenic artery

103
Q

what is the blood supply to the head of the pancreas

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

104
Q

what are the ureters crossed over by

A

vas deferens
gonadal vessels
ductus deferens
testicular/ovarian vessels

105
Q

what do the ureters cross over

A

genitofemoral nerve
sacroiliac joint at the bifurcation of the iliac vessels
on top of the psoas muscle

106
Q

Which bones form the borders of the anterior fontanelle in an infant

A

2 frontals
2 parietals

107
Q

A lumbar puncture needle passes through which correct series of layers to get CSF

A

Skin, subcutaneous tissue,
supraspinous ligament,
interspinous ligament,
ligamentum flavum,
dura,
arachnoid

108
Q

how much CSF is produced daily

A

500-550ml

109
Q

where is the main site of absorption of CSF

A

arachnoid granulations

110
Q

what is the weight of the brain

A

1400g
in its CSF water bath is 50g

111
Q

how does the CSF communicate between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

via the cerebral aqueduct

112
Q

which is the first bone to ossify

A

clavicle
but also is the last to completely ossify

113
Q

describe the course of the first part of the duodenum

A

runs to the right upwards and BACKWARDS from the pylorus

114
Q

describe the course of the second part of the duodenum

A

covered in front by peritoneum
crossed by the attachment of the transverse mesocolon
curves downwards over the hilum of the right kidney

115
Q

describe the course of the third part of the duodenum

A

curves forward from the right paravertebral gutter over the slope of the right psoas muscle
passes over the forwardly projecting inferior vena cava and aorta
reaches the left psoas muscle

116
Q

describe the fourth part of the duodenum

A

ascends to the left of the aorta to lie on the left psoas muscle
reaches the lower border of the pancreas

117
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexuses which are found where

A

in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

118
Q

with regards to CSF, what do the lateral ventricles consist of and what do they drain into

A

consist of a body and anterior, posterior and inferior horns
each ventricle drains into 3rd ventricle through interventicular foramina

119
Q

CSF in the 4th ventricle drains into what

A

into the subarachnoid space via the foramen of Magendis and two lateral foramens of Luschka

120
Q

what is the lumbar plexus formed from

A

nerves from the anterior to the lumbar transverse process
anterior rami of L1 to L4

121
Q

what are the branches of the lumbar plexus

A

Femoral L2-L4
Obturator L2-L4
Lumbosacral trunk L4 L5
Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric L1
Genitofemoral L1 L2
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh L2 L3
Accessory obturator L3 L4

122
Q

what covers the sacroiliac joint

A

covered by articular cartilage at the joint surface

123
Q

branches of aorta running superior to inferior

A

Inferior phrenic
coeliac
suprarenal
SMA
renal
gonadal
IMA
median scaral

124
Q

landmarks of the abdominal aorta

A

T12 to L4

125
Q

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

A

SCALP
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis with muscles
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium

126
Q

In the scalp where do blood vessels and nerves run

A

in the second layer

127
Q

what is the blood supply of the scalp

A

external and internal carotid
external; occipital, posterior auricular and superficial temporal
internal; supratrochelar and supraorbial

128
Q

what is the blood supply of the spinal cord

A

a single anterior and 2 posterior spinal arteries
ASA formed from the vertebral artery
PSA formed from the posterior inferior cerebellar and vertebral artery

129
Q

in the superior mediastinum what are the layers anterior to posterior

A

Lymphoid system - thymus
Blood vascular system
Respiratory system - trachea
Alimentary system - oesophagus
Lymph vascular system

130
Q

what does the right coronary artery suppy

A

right atrium
right ventricle
diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle
posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum
SA node 60%
AV node 80%

131
Q

what are the 5 arteries that supply anterior part of the nasal septum (kiesselbach’s area)

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery (opthalmic a)
Posterior ethmoidal a ( opthalmic a)
Sphenopalatine a (maxillary a)
Greater palatine a ( maxiallry a)
Septal branch of the superior labial artery from the facial a

132
Q

at what level does the aortic arch become the descending aorta

A

level of T4

133
Q

definition of medial plane

A

vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body
divides the body into right and left halves
passes through the body at right angles to the frontal plane

134
Q

definition of sagittal plane

A

vertical plane passing through the body parallel to median plane

135
Q

what is heterotopic bone

A

bone formation in tissues where they are not normally found

136
Q

define capitulum

A

small round articular head

137
Q

define condyle

A

roudned knuckle like articular head

138
Q

define facet

A

smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage

139
Q

Superior oblique eye movements

A

Abduct
Depress
medially rotate

140
Q

Eye movements of Inferior oblique

A

Abduct
elevate
laterally rotate

141
Q

eye movements of superior rectus

A

Adduct
Elevate
medially rotate

142
Q

eye movements of inferior rectus

A

Adduct
Depress
Laterally rotate

143
Q

anatomical landmark of the mitral valve

A

posterior to the sternum at level of 4th costal cartilage

144
Q

what fascia encloses the retropharyngeal space anteriorly

A

Buccopharnygeal fascia

144
Q

what fascia encloses the retropharyngeal space posteriorly

A

deep cervical fascia

145
Q

At the level of which intercostal cartilage does the superior vena cava (SVC) drain into the right atrium

A

3rd costal cartilage

146
Q

The internal thoracic artery is a branch of what

A

Subclavian artery

147
Q

The intercostals increase the volume of the thorax in which dimension

A

anterior-posterior

148
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing sense of smell

A

temporal lobe

148
Q

A patient is unable to remove a food bolus from their cheek. Which nerve is likely damaged

A

facial
weakness/paralysis to buccinator or obicularis

149
Q

what is the hypoglossal nerve responsible for

A

motor supply to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

150
Q

what carries sensory supply of the epigastric region

A

Visceral afferent fibres synapsing in the T7-T8 sensory ganglia in spinal cord

151
Q

Patients with gastric ulcers will experience pain from gastric mucosa irritation. This is interpreted centrally via afferent fibres from which nerve?

A

Visceral afferent fibres synapsing in the T7-8 sensory ganglia in spinal cord

152
Q

What structure makes up the lateral border of the deep inguinal ring

A

transversalis fascia

153
Q

Which is primarily responsible for the peripheral sensory supply to the diaphragm?

A

Intercostal nerves

154
Q

what is the main sensory supply to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

155
Q

an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

intervertebral disc

156
Q

A middle-aged man presents to the emergency department with left-sided flank pain and is found to have a ureteric calculus. Nerve fibres carry afferent supply from the ureter to which vertebral level?

A

T11-T12

157
Q

An 80-year-old lady with atrial fibrillation presents with acute abdominal pain. Which part of the vasculature of the bowel is most likely to be compromised?

A

jejunum

158
Q

A patient with acute necrotizing pancreatitis develops intra-abdominal bleeding. Which artery is the likely source?

A

splenic artery

159
Q

The straight sinus is formed by

A

inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral veins

160
Q

A patient is stabbed in the anterior chest to the left of the sternum. Which structure is most likely damaged?

A

right ventricle

161
Q

Which cell is responsible for myelin formation in the CNS?

A

oligodendrytes

161
Q

In testicular torsion, which structure is affected first?

A

venous drainage

162
Q

What branch from the internal iliac supplies the psoas and quadratus lumborum?

A

Iliolumbar artery

163
Q

The primary motor centre is found in which lobe?

A

Frontal

164
Q

Where does the right bronchial artery generally arise from?

A

Right 3rd posterior intercostal artery

165
Q

Which portion of the urethra is most likely to be damaged with insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter?

A

Intermediate part

166
Q

Which part of the pelvis is least likely to be fractured in trauma?

A

body of the ileum

Acem Primary (5 decks)

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