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Circulation > Anatomy, Embryology, Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy, Embryology, Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is located in the middle mediastinum and is surrounded by the _

A

The heart is located in the middle mediastinum and is surrounded by the pericardial sac

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2
Q

The _ represents the right boarder of the heart

A

The right atrium represents the right boarder of the heart

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3
Q

The _ represents the majority of the anterior aspect of the heart and it touches the internal surface of the rib cage

A

The right ventricle represents the majority of the anterior aspect of the heart and it touches the internal surface of the rib cage

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4
Q

The _ represents the base/ posterior aspect of the heart

A

The left atrium represents the base/ posterior aspect of the heart

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5
Q

The _ represents the apex of the heart and left boarder

A

The left ventricle represents the apex of the heart and left boarder

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6
Q

The _ is posterior to the sternal angle

A

The aortic arch is posterior to the sternal angle

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7
Q

The heart is covered by the body of the sternum and ribs _ through _

A

The heart is covered by the body of the sternum and ribs 3-6

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

_ is an large artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary trunk is an large artery that carries deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Semilunar valves are located at the entrance to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

Slender threads called _ attach the free margin of the cusps to the papillary muscles within the ventricles

A

Slender threads called chordae tendinae attach the free margin of the cusps to the papillary muscles within the ventricles

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12
Q

The papillary muscles and associated cords maintain the _

A

The papillary muscles and associated cords maintain the closure of the AV valves during ventricular constraction and prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria

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13
Q

The right ventricle/ tricuspid valve has 3 papillary muscles: _ , _ and _

A

The right ventricle/ tricuspid valve has 3 papillary muscles: anterior , posterior and septal

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14
Q

The left ventricle/ mitral valve has 2 papillary muscles _ and _

A

The left ventricle/ mitral valve has 2 papillary muscles anterolateral and posteromedial

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15
Q

Each of the semilunar valves is composed of _ which help ensure closure and prevent the regurgitation of blood when they close during ventricular diastole

A

Each of the semilunar valves is composed of 3 semilunar cusps/ lunule which help ensure closure and prevent the regurgitation of blood when they close during ventricular diastole

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16
Q

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the _

A

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinus which is just above the aortic valve

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17
Q

The coronary arteries are important for _

A

The coronary arteries are important for vascularizing the myocardium of the heart

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18
Q

The coronary arteries fill with blood during _ stage of the cardiac cycle

A

The coronary arteries fill with blood during ventricular diastole when the heart muscle is relaxing

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19
Q

The leftcoronary artery divides into two large branches _ and _

A

The left coronary artery divides into two large branches left anterior descending artery (LAD) and circumflex artery

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20
Q

Another name for the LAD is the _

A

Another name for the LAD is the anterior interventricular

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21
Q

The LAD is responsible for vascularizing _

A

The LAD is responsible for vascularizing:
* Anterior 2/3 of the ventricular septum
* Bundle of His
* Anterior aspect/wall of the left ventricle
* Anterolateral papillary muscle (shared with circumflex)

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22
Q

The circumflex artery is responsible for vascularizing _

A

The circumflex artery is responsible for vascularizing:
* Left atrium
* Anterolateral papillary muscle
* Posterior/ lateral part of the left ventricle vis the left obtuse marginal artery

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23
Q

The circumflex artery gives rise to the _ which vascularizes the posterior/ lateral aspect of the left ventricle

A

The circumflex artery gives rise to the left obtuse marginal artery which vascularizes the posterior/ lateral aspect of the left ventricle

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24
Q

The _ artery vascularizes the bundle of his

A

The LAD vascularizes the bundle of his

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25
Q

The right coronary artery divides into 4 major branches:

A

The right coronary artery divides into 4 major branches:
* SA nodal artery
* Right marginal artery
* Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
* AV nodal branch

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26
Q

The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the SA node

A

The SA nodal artery (which is a division of RCA ) vascularizes the SA node

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27
Q

The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the right ventricle and apex

A

The right marginal artery (which is a division of RCA ) vascularizes the right ventricle and apex

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28
Q

The _ artery (which is a division of _ ) vascularizes the AV node

A

The AV nodal branch (which is a division of RCA ) vascularizes the AV node

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29
Q

The PDA, which comes from the RCA in 85% of individuals vascularizes _

A

The PDA, which comes from the RCA in 85% of individuals vascularizes posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum
* Also the posterior aspect of the ventricles
* Posteromedial papillary muscles

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30
Q

The anterolateral papillary muscle has a (dual/ single) blood supply

A

The anterolateral papillary muscle has a dual blood supply
* Supplied by the LAD and the circumflex

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31
Q

The posteromedial papillary muscle has a (dual/ single) blood supply

A

The posteromedial papillary muscle has a single blood supply
* Supplied by the PDA

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32
Q

The _ is a large vein that receives most of the venous return from the heart and drains into the right atrium near the IVC

A

The coronary sinus is a large vein that receives most of the venous return from the heart and drains into the right atrium near the IVC

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33
Q

_ is a vein that accompanies the LAD and dumps into the coronary sinus

A

Great cardiac vein is a vein that accompanies the LAD and dumps into the coronary sinus

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34
Q

_ is a vein that accompanies the PDA and dumps into the coronary sinus

A

Middle cardiac vein is a vein that accompanies the PDA and dumps into the coronary sinus

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35
Q

_ is a vein that accompanies the RCA and dumps into the coronary sinus

A

Small cardiac vein is a vein that accompanies the RCA and dumps into the coronary sinus

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36
Q

Three layers of the heart, superficial to deep

A
  1. Epicardium the visceral layer of the pericardium
  2. Myocardium cardiac muscle cell layer
  3. Endocardium simple squamous epithelium
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37
Q

The _ is a simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) that lines the lumen of the heart

A

The endocardium is a simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) that lines the lumen of the heart

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38
Q

The subendocardium is a connective tissue layer beneath the endocardium that contains _

A

The subendocardium is a connective tissue layer beneath the endocardium that contains veins, nerves, purkinje fibers

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39
Q

The _ is a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on the external surface of heart tissue

A

The epicardium is a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on the external surface of heart tissue

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40
Q

Beneath the mesothelium is _ tissue that contains nerves, coronary vessels, and adipose tissue

A

Beneath the mesothelium is fibroelastic tissue that contains nerves, coronary vessels, and adipose tissue

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41
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is seen?

A

Myocardium

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42
Q

Nuclei in cardiac myocytes will be located _ in the cell and will be _

A

Nuclei in cardiac myocytes will be located centrally in the cell and will be mononucleated (1-2)

43
Q

Characterize cardiac myocytes

A

Cardiac myocytes:
* Blunt-ended (intercalated discs)
* Branched
* Striated
* Involuntary contraction

44
Q

_ are step-like junctions that form end-to-end attachments between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

A

Intercalated discs are step-like junctions that form end-to-end attachments between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

45
Q

The lateral portion of the intercalated disc contains _ and _

A

The lateral portion of the intercalated disc contains desmosomes and gap junctions

46
Q

The transverse portion of the intercalated disc contains _

A

The transverse portion of the intercalated disc contains fasciae adherens, desmosomes, gap junctions

47
Q

_ are important connections between cardiac myocytes that facilitate ionic coupling and aid in coordinating contraction

A

Gap junctions are important connections between cardiac myocytes that facilitate ionic coupling and aid in coordinating contraction

48
Q

A functional contractile unit that spans from Z disc to Z disc is called a _

A

A functional contractile unit that spans from Z disc to Z disc is called a sarcomere

49
Q

T tubules invaginate from the sarcolemma at the _

A

T tubules invaginate from the sarcolemma at the z disc

50
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located at the _

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located at the z disc

51
Q

A dyad is defined as _ and _

A

A dyad is defined as 1 sarcoplasmic reticulum and 1 T tubule
* Located at the Z disc

52
Q

How do the purkinje fibers transfer information to the cardiac myocytes?

A

Purkinje fibers communicate with cardiac myocytes through gap junctions and connect via desmosomes and fasciae adherens but not through intercalated discs

53
Q

Purkinje fibers can be found in _ layer of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers can be found in a subendocardial location

54
Q

Three layers of arteries superficial to deep

A
  1. Tunica adventita connective tissue

External elastic lamina

  1. Tunica media smooth muscle, elastic fibers

Internal elastic lamina

  1. Tunica intima endothelium
55
Q

Large arteries like the aorta will have lots of elastic fibers in the _ layer

A

Large arteries like the aorta will have lots of elastic fibers in the tunica media
* We will see fenestrated membranes which are thick, concentric sheaths of elastic membrane in the wall

56
Q

In large elastic, conducting arteries, we will find small vessels called _ that vascularize the artery tissue itself

A

In large elastic, conducting arteries, we will find small vessels called vasa vasorum that vascularize the artery tissue itself

57
Q

Describe the components of a muscular artery

A

Muscular arteries:
* These are smaller than elastic arteries and they distribute blood to various organs
* Have a thick layer of SM cells, internal elastic lamina, usually an external elastic lamina layer too
* Contains vasa vasorum

58
Q

The vessels that are largely responsible for regulating blood pressure are the _

A

The vessels that are largely responsible for regulating blood pressure are the arterioles
* They are the terminal arterial vessels
* They are our amllest arteries
* Tunica media consists of only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

59
Q
A

Fenestrated capillary

60
Q

(Continuous/ fenestrated/ sinusoid) capillaries have a discontinuous basal laminae

A

Sinusoid capillaries have a discontinuous basal laminae

61
Q

Both _ and _ capillaries contain fenestrations

A

Both fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries contain fenestrations

62
Q

Where do we find continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries?

A

Continuous: muscle, nerve, lungs, BBB
Fenestrated: endocrine glands, intestine, pancreas, renal glomerulus
Sinusoid: liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph

63
Q

_ cells convert inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II (especially in the lung)

A

Endothelial cells convert inactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II (especially in the lung)

64
Q

_ cells release relaxing factor nitric oxide and contraction factor endothelin 1

A

Endothelial cells release relaxing factor nitric oxide and contraction factor endothelin 1

65
Q

Endothelial cells also release _ to initiate blood coagulation

A

Endothelial cells also release tissue factor to initiate blood coagulation

66
Q

Other roles that endothelial cells play

A
  • Deactivate substances like bradykinin, serotonin, thrombin, NE, prostaglandins
  • Breakdown lipoproteins –> TGs, cholesterol
67
Q

_ is a substance released by endothelial cells that acts as a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of intravascular platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclin is a substance released by endothelial cells that acts as a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of intravascular platelet aggregation

68
Q

List the layers of veins from superficial to deep

A
  1. Tunica adventita
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica intima
69
Q

The thickest and most prominent layer in veins is _

A

The thickest and most prominent layer in veins is tunica adventita

70
Q

Veins that contain valves can be found in _ layer

A

Veins that contain valves can be found in tunica intima

71
Q

(Artery/ Vein) will appear rounder

A

Artery will appear rounder

72
Q

(Artery/ Vein) will have a thicker wall

A

Artery will have a thicker wall

73
Q

The tunica media in (artery/ vein) will have more smooth muscle

A

The tunica media in artery will have more smooth muscle

74
Q

The lumen of (artery/ vein) will be larger

A

The lumen of vein will be larger

75
Q
A

Lymphatic vessel with valve

76
Q

The fetal heart begins as a tube and it starts to circulate blood unidirectionally during week _ of development

A

The fetal heart begins as a tube and it starts to circulate blood unidirectionally during week 5 of development

77
Q

Name the five regions of the primitive heart tube

A
  1. Truncus arteriosus
  2. Bulbus cordis
  3. Primitive ventricle
  4. Primitive atrium
  5. Sinus venosus
78
Q

The truncus arteriosus turns into the _ and _

A

The truncus arteriosus turns into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

79
Q

The bulbus cordis turns into the _

A

The bulbus cordis turns into the right ventricle

80
Q

The primitive ventricle turns into the _

A

The primitive ventricle turns into the left ventricle

81
Q

The primitive atrium turns into the _

A

The primitive atrium turns into the right and left atria

82
Q

The sinus venosus turns into the _

A

The sinus venosus turns into the coronary sinus, posterior right atrium

83
Q

The common cardinal veins become the _

A

The common cardinal veins become the superior vena cavae

84
Q

The umbilical vein becomes the _

A

The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres hepatis

85
Q

The _ are four swellings of the heart tube at the junction of the atrium and ventricle –> important to both atrial and ventricular septation; they form atria septa and AV valves

A

The endocardial cushions are four swellings of the heart tube at the junction of the atrium and ventricle –> important to both atrial and ventricular septation; they form atria septa and AV valves

86
Q

Endocardial cushions are composed of several cells types including _ embryological cells

A

Endocardial cushions are composed of several cells types including neural crest cells

87
Q

The _ is an important hole that allows placental (oxygenated) blood to travel from the _ –> _ and bypass the fetal lungs

A

The foramen ovale is an important hole that allows placental (oxygenated) blood to travel from the RA –> LA and bypass the fetal lungs

88
Q

Steps of atrial septation

A
  1. Foramen primum
  2. Septum primum
  3. Foramen secundum
  4. Septum secundum
89
Q

Once the fetus is born, the pulmonary vascular resistance will _ ; the left atrial pressure will _ and the right atrial pressure will _

A

Once the fetus is born, the pulmonary vascular resistance will drop ; the left atrial pressure will increase and the right atrial pressure will decrease –> shuts the patent foramen ovale

90
Q

The _ portion of the interventricular septum begins on the floor of the primitive ventricles and grows upward; the _ portion begins from the endocardial cushions

A

The muscular portion of the interventricular septum begins on the floor of the primitive ventricles and grows upward; the membranous portion begins from the endocardial cushions

91
Q

The truncus arteriosus joins the _ and _ in a common outflow

A

The truncus arteriosus joins the developing pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta in a common outflow

92
Q

The aorticopulmonary septum must first form as a _ as the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary arteries and aorta

A

The aorticopulmonary septum must first form as a spiral as the truncus arteriosus gives rise to the pulmonary arteries and aorta

93
Q

In the fetus, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid rather than air; so the fetal oxygen source is the _

A

In the fetus, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid rather than air; so the fetal oxygen source is the placenta

94
Q

We have three fetal blood vessels _ and three fetal shunts _ that disappear after birth

A

We have three fetal blood vessels: umbilical vein and umbilical arteries (2) and three fetal shunts ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus that disappear after birth

95
Q

The placenta is designed such that maternal blood surrounds fetal vessels transporting nutrients and removing waste; it does this without _

A

The placenta is designed such that maternal blood surrounds fetal vessels transporting nutrients and removing waste; it does this without mixing maternal and fetal blood

96
Q

The umbilical vein carries (oxygenated/ deoxygenated) blood from the _ to _

A

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to liver to go to the RA

97
Q

Once the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta –> liver, we reach our first shunt, _ which bypasses the liver into the _

A

Once the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta –> liver, we reach our first shunt, ductus venosus which bypasses the liver into the inferior vena cava –> RA

98
Q

The foramen ovale is our second shunt which allows us to bypass the _ and pump blood from _ to _

A

The foramen ovale is our second shunt which allows us to bypass the lungs and pump blood from RA to LA, LV, aorta

99
Q

The diversion of blood through the foramen ovale is called the _ shunt

A

The diversion of blood through the foramen ovale is called the right-to-left shunt

100
Q

Ductus arteriosus is a connection point between the _ and _ to “bypass the lungs” which have high pulmonary vascular resistance

A

Ductus arteriosus is a connection point between the pulmonary artery and aorta to “bypass the lungs” which have high pulmonary vascular resistance
* This creates a mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood in the descending organs that is then carried to the organs

101
Q

An increase in left heart pressure after birth helps to close the patent ductus arteriosus; in addition _ also helps it to close

A

An increase in left heart pressure after birth helps to close the patent ductus arteriosus; in addition decreased prostaglandin E2 also helps it to close
* Additionally the lung releases bradykinin
* All of these help to constrict the walls of the ductus arteriosus

102
Q

Prostaglandin E1 and E2 is produced by the _ and _ to keep the ductus arteriosus open

A

Prostaglandin E1 and E2 is produced by the placenta and ductus to keep the ductus arteriosus open

103
Q

Upon closure of the ductus venosus, the liver is now perfused and the remnant is the _

A

Upon closure of the ductus venosus, the liver is now perfused and the remnant is the ligamentum venosum

Circulation (12 decks)

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