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Case Yr 2 (anatomy & data) > Anatomy... don't forget > Flashcards

Anatomy... don't forget Flashcards

1
Q

3 points on middle meningeal artery

A
  • Runs medial to pterion (risk of laceration in head injury)
  • Branch of maxillary artery (last branch of ECA)
  • Laceration leads to EXTRADURAL haemotoma…increased cranial pressure
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2
Q

Which space do the cerebral veins run in?

A

Sub arachnoid space…which is between the arachnoid and pia mater

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3
Q

What space do the dural venous sinuses lie in?

A

Dura mater

Between periosteal and meningeal layers

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4
Q

What cerebral veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior cerebral veins

Superior middle cerebral vein

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5
Q

Clinical significance of cerebral veins?

A

Rupture of veins may cause subdural haemorrhage as they course through space between dura and arachnoid mater to reach the sinus

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6
Q

What separates the greater and lesser pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet:

  • Sacral promontory (posteriorly)
  • Pubic symphisis (anteriorly)
  • Ileopectinal line (laterally)
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7
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?

A

Secrete lubricating mucous for vagina during sexual arousal

equivalent to bulbourethral gland in males

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8
Q

Pelvis:

male and female differences?

A 
1. True pelvis
   Broader and shallower in females.
   Narrower and deeper in males
2. Pubic arch
   Broader, wider in females, more acute in males
3. Acetabulum
   Smaller, further apart in females.
   Larger, and closer in males
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9
Q

What two ligaments does the peritoneum covering the spleen form?

A

Splenorenal (Lienorenal) ligament

Gastrosplenic ligament

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10
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

Left
Right
Caudate
Quadrate

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11
Q

Name the ligaments of the liver

A

Coronary lig - runs transversely, superiorly
Round lig (Ligamentum teres) - inferior. Attaches to umbilicus
Falciform lig - Separates L & R Lobes

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12
Q

What are the 3 thoracic visceral plexi?

A

Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Oesophageal plexus

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13
Q

Pulmonary sympathetic innervation causes..?

Pulmonary parasympathetic innervation causes…?

A

Bronchodilation & vasocontriction (SYMP)

Bronchoconstriction & vasodilation (PARA)

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14
Q

Oesophageal sympathetic innervation causes…?

Oesophageal parasympathetic innervation causes…?

A 
SYMP = Vasoconstriction
PARA = Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle i.e. peristalsis
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15
Q

Gag reflex afferent and efferents

A

Afferent: CNIX Glossopharyngeal
Efferent: CNX Vagus

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16
Q

Corneal reflex afferent and efferent

A

Afferent: CNV1 Opthalmic div of Trigeminal
Efferent: CNVII Facial

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17
Q

Pupillary (light) reflex afferent and efferent

A

Afferent: CNII Optic
Efferent: CNIII Oculomotor

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18
Q

Jaw jerk reflex afferent and efferent

A

Trigeminal for both

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19
Q

Name the two percardial sinuses

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

Oblique pericardial sinus

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20
Q

Where is the labrynthine artery?

A

Between AICA and pontine arteries (second branch of basilar artery)

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21
Q

Innervation of frontal sinus?

A

CNV1

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22
Q

Innervation of maxillary sinus?

A

CNV2

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23
Q

Innervation of sphenoid sinus?

A

CNV1 & CNV2

24
Q

5 extratemporal branches of facial nerve? (these are all motor branches btw)

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
25
Q

Function of semicircular canals?

A

Detect ROTATIONAL movements (head turns, nods etc). Cristae are groups of cells fulfilling this function within the AMPULLA part of the canals.

26
Q

Function of utricle and saccule?

A

Detect LINEAR movements (side to side, forward & back, gravity). Maculae are groups of cells fulfilling this function.

27
Q

Composition of endolymph?

A

Low Na

High K

28
Q

Composition of perilymph?

A

High Na

Low K

29
Q

What is otoconia?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals that give gel above inertia (IN MACULA of utricle/saccule)
Become dislodged in BPPV

30
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Each semicircular canal is paired with two opposing occular muscles, resulting in the ability to turn the head quickly but allow the eyes to focus on one point.

31
Q

Difference between vestibular neuritis and labrynthinitis

A

Vestibular neuritis: affects ONLY the vestibular (usually superior) nerve. Therefore only vestibular symptoms.
Labrynthinitis causes both vestibular and cochlear symptoms

32
Q

What are the two windows of the middle ear and functions?

A

Oval window, attachment of stapes to cochlear

Round window allows movement of endolymph within cochlea and thus conversion of sound into neural signal

33
Q

Functions of extratemporal branches of facial nerve

A 
Temporal - raise eyebrows
Zygomatic - shut eyes tight
Buccal - puff out cheeks
Marginal mandibular - show teeth
Cervical - contract platysma
34
Q

Classic canal for BPPV otoconia to become lodged

A

POSTERIOR semicircular canals (due to geometry)

35
Q

What is the lamina papyracae?

A

Orbital lamina forming large part of the medial orbital wall. It is thin, and may be subject to damage.
Part of ethmoid bone

36
Q

Virchows Triad?

A

Endothelial injury
Haemostasis
Hypercoagulability

37
Q

Sialolithiasis most common ducts?

A

Submandibular salivary duct (80-90%)

Rest in parotid duct

38
Q

Sensory innervation of the tongue? (Not taste)

A

Anterior two-thirds:
Lingual branch of CNV3
Posterior third:
CNIX

39
Q

Sensory (taste) innervation of the tongue?

A

Anterior two-thirds:
Chorda tympani branch of CNVII
Posterior third:
CNIX

40
Q

Motor innervation of the tongue?

A

All intrinisic and extrinsic muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CNVII), apart from palatapharyngeus which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)

41
Q

Innervation of submandibular and subingual glands?

A

Parasympathetic increase secretions, nerve from chorda tympani and mandibular nerve.
Sympathetic decrease secretions, nerve from superior cervical ganglion

42
Q

Sublingual secretions?

A

Mainly mucus

43
Q

Submandibular secretions?

A

Mixed mucus and serous

44
Q

Parotid gland secretions?

A

Mainly serous

45
Q

What structures pass through parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein

46
Q

Parotid gland innervation?

A

Parasymp - Otic ganglion (formed from glossopharyngeal nerve), auriculotemporal from otic ganglion to parotid.
Symp - Superior cervical ganglion
(Sensory innervation from auriculotemporal nerve)

47
Q

Otic ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic nerve collection

48
Q

Hypoglossal nerve injury signs?

A

Deviation of tongue to damaged side.

Fasciculations of damaged side

49
Q

Lumbar plexus branches and nerve roots?

A 
I twice Get Laid On Fridays:
(T12) L1 - Iliohypogastric nerve
L1 - Ilioinguinal nerve
L1,2 - Genitofemoral nerve
L2,3 - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
L2,3,4 - Obturator nerve
L2,3,4 - Femoral nerve
50
Q

Sacral plexus branches and nerve roots?

A 
SIPPS
L4,5,S1 - Superior gluteal nerve
L5,S1,2 - Inferior gluteal nerve
S1,2,3 - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
S2,3,4 - Pudendal nerve
L4,5, S1,2,3 - Sciatic nerve
51
Q

Muscles obturator nerve innervates?

A

Adductors (longus, brevis, magnus)
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obturator externus

52
Q

Muscles femoral nerve innervates?

A

Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Sartoris
Quadriceps femoris (vastus x3 & rectus)

53
Q

Muscles sciatic nerve innervates?

A

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

Adductor magnus

54
Q

Oesophagus lymph drainage

A

Upper third - deep cervical nodes
Middle third - posterior mediastinal nodes
Lower third - left gastric and coeliac group lymph nodes

55
Q

Large lymph collection draining abdomen?

A

Cisterna chyli

56
Q

Nerves controlling detrusor and ext urethral sphincters for mictruition?

A 
Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2) - SYMPATHETIC - relaxation of detrusor
Pelvic nerve (S2-4) - PARASYMP - constriction of detrusor
Pudendal nerve (S2-4) - somatic

Case Yr 2 (anatomy & data) (2 decks)

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