Anatomy... don't forget Flashcards
3 points on middle meningeal artery
- Runs medial to pterion (risk of laceration in head injury)
- Branch of maxillary artery (last branch of ECA)
- Laceration leads to EXTRADURAL haemotoma…increased cranial pressure
Which space do the cerebral veins run in?
Sub arachnoid space…which is between the arachnoid and pia mater
What space do the dural venous sinuses lie in?
Dura mater
Between periosteal and meningeal layers
What cerebral veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus?
Superior cerebral veins
Superior middle cerebral vein
Clinical significance of cerebral veins?
Rupture of veins may cause subdural haemorrhage as they course through space between dura and arachnoid mater to reach the sinus
What separates the greater and lesser pelvis?
Pelvic inlet:
- Sacral promontory (posteriorly)
- Pubic symphisis (anteriorly)
- Ileopectinal line (laterally)
What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?
Secrete lubricating mucous for vagina during sexual arousal
equivalent to bulbourethral gland in males
Pelvis:
male and female differences?
1. True pelvis Broader and shallower in females. Narrower and deeper in males 2. Pubic arch Broader, wider in females, more acute in males 3. Acetabulum Smaller, further apart in females. Larger, and closer in males
What two ligaments does the peritoneum covering the spleen form?
Splenorenal (Lienorenal) ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Name the 4 lobes of the liver
Left
Right
Caudate
Quadrate
Name the ligaments of the liver
Coronary lig - runs transversely, superiorly
Round lig (Ligamentum teres) - inferior. Attaches to umbilicus
Falciform lig - Separates L & R Lobes
What are the 3 thoracic visceral plexi?
Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus
Oesophageal plexus
Pulmonary sympathetic innervation causes..?
Pulmonary parasympathetic innervation causes…?
Bronchodilation & vasocontriction (SYMP)
Bronchoconstriction & vasodilation (PARA)
Oesophageal sympathetic innervation causes…?
Oesophageal parasympathetic innervation causes…?
SYMP = Vasoconstriction PARA = Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle i.e. peristalsis
Gag reflex afferent and efferents
Afferent: CNIX Glossopharyngeal
Efferent: CNX Vagus
Corneal reflex afferent and efferent
Afferent: CNV1 Opthalmic div of Trigeminal
Efferent: CNVII Facial
Pupillary (light) reflex afferent and efferent
Afferent: CNII Optic
Efferent: CNIII Oculomotor
Jaw jerk reflex afferent and efferent
Trigeminal for both
Name the two percardial sinuses
Transverse pericardial sinus
Oblique pericardial sinus
Where is the labrynthine artery?
Between AICA and pontine arteries (second branch of basilar artery)
Innervation of frontal sinus?
CNV1
Innervation of maxillary sinus?
CNV2
Innervation of sphenoid sinus?
CNV1 & CNV2
5 extratemporal branches of facial nerve? (these are all motor branches btw)
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
Function of semicircular canals?
Detect ROTATIONAL movements (head turns, nods etc). Cristae are groups of cells fulfilling this function within the AMPULLA part of the canals.
Function of utricle and saccule?
Detect LINEAR movements (side to side, forward & back, gravity). Maculae are groups of cells fulfilling this function.
Composition of endolymph?
Low Na
High K
Composition of perilymph?
High Na
Low K
What is otoconia?
Calcium carbonate crystals that give gel above inertia (IN MACULA of utricle/saccule)
Become dislodged in BPPV
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Each semicircular canal is paired with two opposing occular muscles, resulting in the ability to turn the head quickly but allow the eyes to focus on one point.
Difference between vestibular neuritis and labrynthinitis
Vestibular neuritis: affects ONLY the vestibular (usually superior) nerve. Therefore only vestibular symptoms.
Labrynthinitis causes both vestibular and cochlear symptoms
What are the two windows of the middle ear and functions?
Oval window, attachment of stapes to cochlear
Round window allows movement of endolymph within cochlea and thus conversion of sound into neural signal
Functions of extratemporal branches of facial nerve
Temporal - raise eyebrows Zygomatic - shut eyes tight Buccal - puff out cheeks Marginal mandibular - show teeth Cervical - contract platysma
Classic canal for BPPV otoconia to become lodged
POSTERIOR semicircular canals (due to geometry)
What is the lamina papyracae?
Orbital lamina forming large part of the medial orbital wall. It is thin, and may be subject to damage.
Part of ethmoid bone
Virchows Triad?
Endothelial injury
Haemostasis
Hypercoagulability
Sialolithiasis most common ducts?
Submandibular salivary duct (80-90%)
Rest in parotid duct
Sensory innervation of the tongue? (Not taste)
Anterior two-thirds:
Lingual branch of CNV3
Posterior third:
CNIX
Sensory (taste) innervation of the tongue?
Anterior two-thirds:
Chorda tympani branch of CNVII
Posterior third:
CNIX
Motor innervation of the tongue?
All intrinisic and extrinsic muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CNVII), apart from palatapharyngeus which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX)
Innervation of submandibular and subingual glands?
Parasympathetic increase secretions, nerve from chorda tympani and mandibular nerve.
Sympathetic decrease secretions, nerve from superior cervical ganglion
Sublingual secretions?
Mainly mucus
Submandibular secretions?
Mixed mucus and serous
Parotid gland secretions?
Mainly serous
What structures pass through parotid gland?
Facial nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein
Parotid gland innervation?
Parasymp - Otic ganglion (formed from glossopharyngeal nerve), auriculotemporal from otic ganglion to parotid.
Symp - Superior cervical ganglion
(Sensory innervation from auriculotemporal nerve)
Otic ganglion?
Parasympathetic nerve collection
Hypoglossal nerve injury signs?
Deviation of tongue to damaged side.
Fasciculations of damaged side
Lumbar plexus branches and nerve roots?
I twice Get Laid On Fridays: (T12) L1 - Iliohypogastric nerve L1 - Ilioinguinal nerve L1,2 - Genitofemoral nerve L2,3 - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh L2,3,4 - Obturator nerve L2,3,4 - Femoral nerve
Sacral plexus branches and nerve roots?
SIPPS L4,5,S1 - Superior gluteal nerve L5,S1,2 - Inferior gluteal nerve S1,2,3 - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh S2,3,4 - Pudendal nerve L4,5, S1,2,3 - Sciatic nerve
Muscles obturator nerve innervates?
Adductors (longus, brevis, magnus)
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obturator externus
Muscles femoral nerve innervates?
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Sartoris
Quadriceps femoris (vastus x3 & rectus)
Muscles sciatic nerve innervates?
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
Adductor magnus
Oesophagus lymph drainage
Upper third - deep cervical nodes
Middle third - posterior mediastinal nodes
Lower third - left gastric and coeliac group lymph nodes
Large lymph collection draining abdomen?
Cisterna chyli
Nerves controlling detrusor and ext urethral sphincters for mictruition?
Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2) - SYMPATHETIC - relaxation of detrusor Pelvic nerve (S2-4) - PARASYMP - constriction of detrusor Pudendal nerve (S2-4) - somatic
