Anatomy Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Studies the form and structure of the body
Physiology
Examines how the body functions
Microscopic Anatomy
Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye
Cytology
The study of body cells and their internal structure
Histology
The study of tissues
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye
Systemic Anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each body system
Regional Anatomy
Examines the structures in a body region
Surface Anatomy
Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures
Comparative Anatomy
Examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species
Embryology
Studies developmental changes from conception to birth
Pathophysiology
Focuses on the function of a body system during disease or injury to the system
Organization
All organisms complete a complex structure and order
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body
Anabolism
small molecules joined to form larger ones
Catabolism
Large molecules broken down into smaller ones
Anatomic Position
- upright
- feet parallel and flat
- upper limbs at side
- palms face forward
- head is level
- Eyes forward
Coronal (frontal)
vertical plane dividing the body into posterior (back) and anterior (front)
Transverse (cross-sectional)
Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
Midsagittal
Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Sagittal
Parallel to midsagittal; divides structure into unequal left and right portions
Oblique
passes through the structure at an angle
Axial Region
- head, neck, trunk
- forms the main vertical axis of the body
Appendicular Region
Upper and lower limbs
Posterior Aspect
enclosed in bone
Cranial Cavity
formed by bones of the cranium and hoses the brain
Vertebral Canal
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column and houses the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
- larger
- anteriorly placed
- subdivisions are lined with serous membrane
Parietal layer
lines internal surface of body wall
Visceral Layer
Covers external surface of organs
Serous cavity
space between membranes
serous fluid
- liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane
- lubricant
- reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall
mediastinum
median space in the thoracic cavity
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, etc
Pericardium
layered serous membrane
Parietal pericardium
outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart
Visceral pericardium
forms the hearts external surface
Pericardial Cavity
space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Pleura
two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs
Parietal Pleura
outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic walls
Visceral Pleura
inner layer covers external surface of lungs
Pleural Cavity
space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Abdominal cavity
- superior area
- contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters
Pelvic Cavity
- inferior area, between hip bones
- contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Peritoneum
two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritonium
Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs
Perioneal Cavity
Potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Umbilical region
middle region
epigastric region
superior to umbilical
hypogastric region
inferior to umbilical
right and left hypochondriac regions
lateral to epigastric region
right and left lumbar regions
lateral to umbilical
right and left iliac regions
lateral to hypogastric
Receptor
detects changes in a variable
- stimulus: change in temp sensed by skin)
Control Center
interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector
Effector
the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus
Negative Feedback
- controls most processes in the body
- resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus (ex. temperature regulation)
Positive Feedback
- occurs less frequently
- stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climactic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis (ex. breastfeeding blood clotting, labor)
