Anatomy Ch.2 and Ch.3 Flashcards
pH scale
indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
Neutral pH
pH of 7, indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
Acidic ph
pH less than 7, indicates greater concentration of H+
Basic (or Alkaline) pH
pH greater than 7, indicates greater concentration of OH-
What are the 4 organic substances?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the 4 inorganic substances?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts
organic molecules
contain carbon and hydrogen, larger than inorganic molecules, dissolve in water and organic lipids
inorganic molecules
don’t contain carbon and hydrogen, smaller than organic molecules, dissociate in water, forming ions
Water
- most abundant compound in living material
- 2/3 of weight of adult human
- major component of all body fluids
- medium for most metabolic reactions
- important role in transporting chemicals in body
- absorbs and transports heat
Oxygen
- used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
- necessary for survival
Carbon Dioxide
- waste product released during metabolic reactions
- must be removed from the body
Inorganic Salts
- abundant in body fluids
- sources of necessary ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, etc)
- play important roles in metabolism
Metabolic reaction
multi step process that turns your food into energy
Carbohydrates
- provide energy to cells
- supply materials to build cell structures
- contain C, H, and O
Disaccharide
a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are conjoined, made of sucrose and lactose
Polysaccharide
a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of multiple sugar molecules bonded together, made of glycogen and cellulose
Glycogen
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners
Glycogen
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners
Lipids
fats, soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water, lipids contain number of compounds which are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
triglyceride
used primarily for energy, most common lipid in your body, building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
saturated fat
type of fat that contains single bonds
unsaturated fat
type of fat that contains one or more double bonds
polyunsaturated fats
many double bonds in the fatty acids, is better for you
monounsaturated fat
contains single bonds in the fatty acids
what are the building blocks of fat molecules
fatty acids and glycerol
phospholipids
building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule
phospholipids are major components in what
cell membranes
Steroids
complex structures, 4 connected rings of carbon, components of cell membranes, widely distributed in the body, used to synthesize hormones, cholesterol is a very important steroid
Do water and fats mix
no, water and fats do not mix
How do cell membranes keep water out of the cell
with fats (phospholipids), water doesn’t mix with fats so won’t go through it, the water has to enter through protein channels
Proteins
structural material, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies
What are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
Amino acids are held together by what
peptide bonds
When 2 amino acids come together you get a
peptide bond
you have strands of protein in _______
literally everything
enzymes
speed up chemical chemical reactions and are not changed by the reaction which means they can be reused (recyclable), they do degrade after awhile so you need new ones eventually
all enzymes are what
proteins
NH2
amine group
antibodies
proteins that are used to defend us from sickness “denaturing of proteins”
What are some examples of proteins being denatured
Basically denaturing protein is a process where something modifies the molecular structure of a protein
heat can denature protein (melt)
radiation can denature protein (sun ultraviolet radiation)
electricity can denature protein
chemicals can denature protein
Nucleic acids
carry genes, encode amino acid sequences of proteins
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides (which are made up of phosphate, sugar and a base)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, double polynucleotide, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce
RNA
ribonucleic acid, single polynucleotide, carries genetic information and creates proteins
DNA and RNA live where
the nucleus of the cell
How is DNA shaped
its double stranded and it forms a double helix structure
How is RNA shaped
just single stranded structure
t-RNA
transport RNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
m-RNA
messenger RNA, tells ribosomes what amino acids are needed in a specific protein and what order to put them in during protein synthesis
r-RNA
Ribosomal RNA, reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together, and congrats the cell has made a protein through a process called protein synthesis
protein synthesis
process in which cells make proteins
basic organizational structure of the human body is the
cell (you started as one cell and you no have become trillions of cells)
How many cells are there in the human body
50-100 trillion
Differentiation
where unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions (an example is the cells in your lung carry out different functions than the cells in your brain)
As a result in differentiation cells vary in _______ and ________ due to their unique function
size, shape
In differentiation cells specialize through…..
DNA, there are on and off switches, skin cells + eye cells + any cell come from one cell when you are created
major parts of composite cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
Cell Membrane
outer limit of cell, controls what comes in and out of cell, selectively permeable (allowing water to come in)
Phospholipid bilayer
two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic (water hating) interior and a hydrophilic (water loving) exterior….. make sure to study diagrams
What stabilizes the cell membrane
cholesterol (It stabilizes the cell membrane and keeps it safe which also keeps the cell safe), Cholesterol is important, too much will make you fat but it is necessary for survival
Fluid mosaic model
most accepted model of cell membrane, its a double layered sea of phospholipids with globular proteins floating in it (on page 81 in book)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
guide cells on the move, they help with repairing injury
Selectin (type of CAM)
allows white blood cell to “anchor” (white blood cell going through your body spots an injury up ahead, a splinter lets say, so it must slow down in the turbulence of the bloodstream to help out the injury, this type of CAM, selectin coats the white blood cell and provides traction and the white blood cell “anchors” at the site of the injury)
Integrin (type of CAM)
guides white blood cells through the capillary walls (basically makes a passageway for white blood cells to come join in to help the injury, the gathering of all these white blood cells causes inflammation)
What biochemical causes inflammation
histamine, histamine is secreted by cells when you’re injured
cytoplasm
jello-like substance that holds all the organelles, the organelles are surrounded by membranes which separate them from the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
connected membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles, is the transport system and predominantly transports proteins (protein synthesis)
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes
Where does protein synthesis take place
ribosomes
Smooth ER
don’t have ribosomes on it, lipid synthesis driving from rough ER, break down drugs
Rough and Smooth ER working together
Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes (which are on rough ER) and those proteins are transported by the Rough ER to the Smooth ER, the smooth ER can transport those proteins to other parts of the cell
Ribosomes
free floating or connected to Rough ER, provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form proteins
Golgi apparatus
stack of flattened membranous sacs, modifies packages and delivers proteins
proteins from the smooth ER are received here where they will be transported to their final destinations
cisternae
the little packages in the Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
membranous sacs, store substances, basically storage organelles
mitochondria
membranous sacs with inner partitions (partitions are sac like organelles called Cristae), generate energy, ATP production, enzymes of Krebs cycle live in mitochondria
anaerobic
produces ATP automatically
aerobic
needs production of oxygen, when you’re running you are low on oxygen, limited ATP and lactic acid in your muscles
Lysosomes
enzyme containing sacs, digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances, basically the trash cans of cells
Peroxisomes
enzyme containing sacs, break down organic molecules, degrades chemicals that get into you, detoxifies alcohol
Centrosome
two rod like centrioles (the two rods are called centrioles), used to produce flagellum and cilia, distributes chromosomes during cell division
Cilia
short hair like projections, propel substances on cell surface
Flagellum
long tail-like projections, provides mobility to sperm
Microfilaments and Microtubules
thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles
Inclusions
temporary nutrients and pigments, they don’t have activity like other organelles
Nucleus
brain of the cell, contains genetic material, most dense part of a cell
Nuclear Envelope
porous double membrane, separates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm (yes the nucleus has its own kind of cum.. I mean cytoplasm)
Nucleolus
Dense collection of RNA and proteins, site of ribosome production
Chromatin
fibers of DNA and proteins, stores information for synthesis of proteins
Passive Transport
process of transporting substances through the cell membrane that does not require energy
Simple diffusion
type of passive transport, movement of sub from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid soluble substances
Brownian motion
random movement of particle in a liquid or gas, example is pollen on water)
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion across membrane with help of a channel of carrier molecule (globular protein), example is transport of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream into the cell
Osmosis
movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, water moves toward higher concentration of solutes
osmotic pressure
ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water (osmotic pressure measures the pressure inside and outside the cell membrane)
Isotonic
same osmotic pressure equal volumes of water enter and leave the cell, size and shape of the cell remain the same
Hypertonic
higher osmotic pressure, more water leaves the cell than enters it, the cell shrinks
Hypotonic
lower osmotic pressure, more water enters than leaves, the cell gets larger and can even burst
Filtration
smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes, example in the body blood pressure forces smaller molecules through tiny opening in the capillary wall
Active transport
carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of lighter concentration (uses cellular energy)
cells own version of homeostasis
when unwanted substances go into the cell 40% of the cells ATP is used to pumping them right back out
Endocytosis
cells engulf a substance by forming a vesicle around a substance
Pinocytosis
type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by the forming of a vesicle is mostly water
Phagocytosis
type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by a vesicle is a solid
Receptor mediated endocytosis
requires substance to bind to a membrane bound receptor (protein)
Exocytosis
opposite of endocytosis, substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane, contents are released outside of the cell, exocytosis sometimes releases particles such as newly synthesized proteins
