Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Anatomy > Anatomy Ch.2 and Ch.3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Ch.2 and Ch.3 Flashcards

1
Q

pH scale

A

indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neutral pH

A

pH of 7, indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acidic ph

A

pH less than 7, indicates greater concentration of H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basic (or Alkaline) pH

A

pH greater than 7, indicates greater concentration of OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 organic substances?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 inorganic substances?

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

organic molecules

A

contain carbon and hydrogen, larger than inorganic molecules, dissolve in water and organic lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inorganic molecules

A

don’t contain carbon and hydrogen, smaller than organic molecules, dissociate in water, forming ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water

A
  • most abundant compound in living material
  • 2/3 of weight of adult human
  • major component of all body fluids
  • medium for most metabolic reactions
  • important role in transporting chemicals in body
  • absorbs and transports heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oxygen

A
  • used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities
  • necessary for survival
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A
  • waste product released during metabolic reactions
  • must be removed from the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inorganic Salts

A
  • abundant in body fluids
  • sources of necessary ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, etc)
  • play important roles in metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Metabolic reaction

A

multi step process that turns your food into energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • provide energy to cells
  • supply materials to build cell structures
  • contain C, H, and O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disaccharide

A

a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are conjoined, made of sucrose and lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of multiple sugar molecules bonded together, made of glycogen and cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glycogen

A

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycogen

A

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose, glycogen is stored in your muscles and liver, it is a quick get for metabolic sugar, it’s quickly turned to glucose because we are sugar burners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipids

A

fats, soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water, lipids contain number of compounds which are fats, phospholipids, and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

triglyceride

A

used primarily for energy, most common lipid in your body, building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

saturated fat

A

type of fat that contains single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

unsaturated fat

A

type of fat that contains one or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A

many double bonds in the fatty acids, is better for you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

contains single bonds in the fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the building blocks of fat molecules

A

fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

phospholipids

A

building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

phospholipids are major components in what

A

cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Steroids

A

complex structures, 4 connected rings of carbon, components of cell membranes, widely distributed in the body, used to synthesize hormones, cholesterol is a very important steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Do water and fats mix

A

no, water and fats do not mix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do cell membranes keep water out of the cell

A

with fats (phospholipids), water doesn’t mix with fats so won’t go through it, the water has to enter through protein channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Proteins

A

structural material, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Amino acids are held together by what

A

peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When 2 amino acids come together you get a

A

peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

you have strands of protein in _______

A

literally everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

enzymes

A

speed up chemical chemical reactions and are not changed by the reaction which means they can be reused (recyclable), they do degrade after awhile so you need new ones eventually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

all enzymes are what

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

NH2

A

amine group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that are used to defend us from sickness “denaturing of proteins”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some examples of proteins being denatured

A

Basically denaturing protein is a process where something modifies the molecular structure of a protein
heat can denature protein (melt)
radiation can denature protein (sun ultraviolet radiation)
electricity can denature protein
chemicals can denature protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Nucleic acids

A

carry genes, encode amino acid sequences of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides (which are made up of phosphate, sugar and a base)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, double polynucleotide, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

44
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, single polynucleotide, carries genetic information and creates proteins

45
Q

DNA and RNA live where

A

the nucleus of the cell

46
Q

How is DNA shaped

A

its double stranded and it forms a double helix structure

47
Q

How is RNA shaped

A

just single stranded structure

48
Q

t-RNA

A

transport RNA, carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

49
Q

m-RNA

A

messenger RNA, tells ribosomes what amino acids are needed in a specific protein and what order to put them in during protein synthesis

50
Q

r-RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA, reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together, and congrats the cell has made a protein through a process called protein synthesis

51
Q

protein synthesis

A

process in which cells make proteins

52
Q

basic organizational structure of the human body is the

A

cell (you started as one cell and you no have become trillions of cells)

53
Q

How many cells are there in the human body

A

50-100 trillion

54
Q

Differentiation

A

where unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions (an example is the cells in your lung carry out different functions than the cells in your brain)

55
Q

As a result in differentiation cells vary in _______ and ________ due to their unique function

A

size, shape

56
Q

In differentiation cells specialize through…..

A

DNA, there are on and off switches, skin cells + eye cells + any cell come from one cell when you are created

57
Q

major parts of composite cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

58
Q

Cell Membrane

A

outer limit of cell, controls what comes in and out of cell, selectively permeable (allowing water to come in)

59
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic (water hating) interior and a hydrophilic (water loving) exterior….. make sure to study diagrams

60
Q

What stabilizes the cell membrane

A

cholesterol (It stabilizes the cell membrane and keeps it safe which also keeps the cell safe), Cholesterol is important, too much will make you fat but it is necessary for survival

61
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

most accepted model of cell membrane, its a double layered sea of phospholipids with globular proteins floating in it (on page 81 in book)

62
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

guide cells on the move, they help with repairing injury

63
Q

Selectin (type of CAM)

A

allows white blood cell to “anchor” (white blood cell going through your body spots an injury up ahead, a splinter lets say, so it must slow down in the turbulence of the bloodstream to help out the injury, this type of CAM, selectin coats the white blood cell and provides traction and the white blood cell “anchors” at the site of the injury)

64
Q

Integrin (type of CAM)

A

guides white blood cells through the capillary walls (basically makes a passageway for white blood cells to come join in to help the injury, the gathering of all these white blood cells causes inflammation)

65
Q

What biochemical causes inflammation

A

histamine, histamine is secreted by cells when you’re injured

66
Q

cytoplasm

A

jello-like substance that holds all the organelles, the organelles are surrounded by membranes which separate them from the cytoplasm

67
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

connected membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles, is the transport system and predominantly transports proteins (protein synthesis)

68
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

69
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place

A

ribosomes

70
Q

Smooth ER

A

don’t have ribosomes on it, lipid synthesis driving from rough ER, break down drugs

71
Q

Rough and Smooth ER working together

A

Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes (which are on rough ER) and those proteins are transported by the Rough ER to the Smooth ER, the smooth ER can transport those proteins to other parts of the cell

72
Q

Ribosomes

A

free floating or connected to Rough ER, provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form proteins

73
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of flattened membranous sacs, modifies packages and delivers proteins
proteins from the smooth ER are received here where they will be transported to their final destinations

74
Q

cisternae

A

the little packages in the Golgi apparatus

75
Q

Vesicles

A

membranous sacs, store substances, basically storage organelles

76
Q

mitochondria

A

membranous sacs with inner partitions (partitions are sac like organelles called Cristae), generate energy, ATP production, enzymes of Krebs cycle live in mitochondria

77
Q

anaerobic

A

produces ATP automatically

78
Q

aerobic

A

needs production of oxygen, when you’re running you are low on oxygen, limited ATP and lactic acid in your muscles

79
Q

Lysosomes

A

enzyme containing sacs, digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances, basically the trash cans of cells

80
Q

Peroxisomes

A

enzyme containing sacs, break down organic molecules, degrades chemicals that get into you, detoxifies alcohol

81
Q

Centrosome

A

two rod like centrioles (the two rods are called centrioles), used to produce flagellum and cilia, distributes chromosomes during cell division

82
Q

Cilia

A

short hair like projections, propel substances on cell surface

83
Q

Flagellum

A

long tail-like projections, provides mobility to sperm

84
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules

A

thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles

85
Q

Inclusions

A

temporary nutrients and pigments, they don’t have activity like other organelles

86
Q

Nucleus

A

brain of the cell, contains genetic material, most dense part of a cell

87
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

porous double membrane, separates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm (yes the nucleus has its own kind of cum.. I mean cytoplasm)

88
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense collection of RNA and proteins, site of ribosome production

89
Q

Chromatin

A

fibers of DNA and proteins, stores information for synthesis of proteins

90
Q

Passive Transport

A

process of transporting substances through the cell membrane that does not require energy

91
Q

Simple diffusion

A

type of passive transport, movement of sub from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid soluble substances

92
Q

Brownian motion

A

random movement of particle in a liquid or gas, example is pollen on water)

93
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion across membrane with help of a channel of carrier molecule (globular protein), example is transport of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream into the cell

94
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, water moves toward higher concentration of solutes

95
Q

osmotic pressure

A

ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water (osmotic pressure measures the pressure inside and outside the cell membrane)

96
Q

Isotonic

A

same osmotic pressure equal volumes of water enter and leave the cell, size and shape of the cell remain the same

97
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher osmotic pressure, more water leaves the cell than enters it, the cell shrinks

98
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower osmotic pressure, more water enters than leaves, the cell gets larger and can even burst

99
Q

Filtration

A

smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes, example in the body blood pressure forces smaller molecules through tiny opening in the capillary wall

100
Q

Active transport

A

carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of lighter concentration (uses cellular energy)

101
Q

cells own version of homeostasis

A

when unwanted substances go into the cell 40% of the cells ATP is used to pumping them right back out

102
Q

Endocytosis

A

cells engulf a substance by forming a vesicle around a substance

103
Q

Pinocytosis

A

type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by the forming of a vesicle is mostly water

104
Q

Phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis where the substance being engulfed by a vesicle is a solid

105
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

requires substance to bind to a membrane bound receptor (protein)

106
Q

Exocytosis

A

opposite of endocytosis, substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane, contents are released outside of the cell, exocytosis sometimes releases particles such as newly synthesized proteins

Honors Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions