Anatomy Ch.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the structure of the human body
2
Q
Physiology
A
study of the function of the human body
3
Q
Taxonomy of Human organism
A
Kingdom- Animalia (all animals) Phylum- Chordata (central cord) Subphylum- Vertebrae Class- Mammalia (hair, mammal) Order- Primates (apes) Family- Homidae (man-like, two legs) Genus- Homo (underlined and capitalized) Species- sapien (underlined and not capitalized)
4
Q
Hippocrates
A
1st physician, disease comes from natural causes
5
Q
Paracelsus
A
Chemist, treated diseases with goiters, treated goiters with iodine
6
Q
Vesalius
A
1st to dissect humans, 1500s
7
Q
Hooke
A
discovered the cell, cell theory
8
Q
Galen
A
Father of anatomy, 2nd to Hippocrates
9
Q
Harvey
A
Circulatory System (blood through skin, cells needed to stay alive)
10
Q
Malipighi
A
Capillaries, established 1/2 of circulatory system, Father of Microscopic Anatomy
11
Q
Cell Theory
A
1) All organism are made up of cells
2) Cell is the most basic unit of life
3) All cells are produced by other living cells
12
Q
Levels of Organization
A
1) Subatomic particles
2) atom
3) molecule
4) macromolecule
5) organelle
6) cell
7) tissue
8) organ
9) organ system
10) organism
13
Q
movement
A
change in position, motion
14
Q
responsiveness
A
reaction to change
15
Q
growth
A
increase in body size, no change in shape
16
Q
reproduction
A
production of new organisms and new cells
17
Q
respiration
A
obtaining oxygen- removing carbon dioxide- releasing energy from foods (breathing)
18
Q
digestion
A
breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
19
Q
absorption
A
passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
20
Q
circulation
A
movement of substances in body fluids
21
Q
assimilation
A
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
22
Q
excretion
A
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reaction
23
Q
Life depends on what 5 requirements?
A
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
24
Q
metabolism
A
process by which your body converts what you eat into energy
25
Stimuli
anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change
26
Receptor
provides info about the stimuli
27
Control center
detects the issue from the set point and signals the effector organs
28
Effector
elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment, does something about the stimuli
29
Homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment
30
pectoral
chest
31
pedal
foot
32
pelvic
pelvis
33
perineal
region between the anus and the external reproductive organs (dick and balls + scrotum)
34
plantar
sole of the foot (bottom of foot)
35
popliteal
area behind knee
36
sacral
posterior region between the hipbones (tail bone)
37
sternal
middle of thorax, anteriorly
38
sural
calf of leg
39
tarsal
instep of foot (arch)
40
umbilical
navel or belly button
41
vertebral
spinal column (whole spine)
42
endocrinology
study of hormones, hormone secreting glands, also associated with diseases
43
epidemiology
study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health related conditions within a defined human population (ex. doctors trying to find origin of covid 19)
44
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and intestines, as well as their diseases
45
geriatrics
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
46
gerontology
study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals
47
gynecology
study of the female reproductive system and its diseases
48
hematology
study of the blood and blood diseases
49
histology
study of the structure and function of tissues
50
immunology
study of body's resistance to diseases
51
neonatology
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
52
nephrology
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys
53
neurology
study of the nervous system in health and disease
54
obstetrics
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
55
oncology
study of cancers
56
ophthalmology
study of the eye and eye diseases
57
orthopedics
branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
58
otolaryngology
study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases
59
pathology
study of structural and functional changes within the body associated with disease
60
pediatrics
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
61
pharmacology
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases
62
podiatry
study of the care and treatment of feet
63
psychiatry
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
64
radiology
study of X rays and radioactive substances as well as their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases
65
toxicology
study of poisonous substance their effects on physiology
66
urology
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases
67
abdominal
region between thorax and pelvis
68
acromial
point on the shoulder
69
antebrachial
forearm
70
antecubital
space in front of the elbow
71
axillary
armpit
72
brachial
arm
73
buccal
cheek
74
carpal
wrist
75
celiac
abdomen
76
cephalic
head
77
cervical
neck
78
costal
ribs
79
coxal
hip
80
crural
leg
81
cubital
elbow
82
digital
finger or toe
83
dorsum
back
84
femoral
thigh
85
frontal
forehead
86
genital
reproductive organs
87
gluteal
buttocks
88
inguinal
groin
89
lumbar
region of lower back between ribs and pelvis
90
mammary
breasts
91
mental
chin
92
nasal
nose
93
occipital
back of the head
94
oral
mouth
95
orbital
eye cavity
96
otic
ear
97
palmar
palm of the hand
98
patellar
front of the knee
99
Visceral layer
covers an organ
100
parietal layer
lines a cavity or body wall
101
negative feedback
mechanism that runs homeostasis, ex. would be your body regulating your body temperature
102
positive feedback
mechanism in the body that keeps going up, there's no stopping point, ex. would be blood clotting
103
homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment
104
appendages
relating to limbs
105
Systems in the body (11)
Reproductive, integumentary, skeletal system, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary
106
Integumentary system
system that covers the body (skin, hair, nails)
107
nervous system
consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
108
endocrine system
includes all the glands that secrete chemicals into your body (thyroid, pituitary)
109
cardiovascular system
includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
110
lymphatic system
is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
111
digestive system
receive foods and then break down food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed into the internal environment (stomach, small intestines etc)
112
respiratory system
take air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and the air (lungs, nose, trachea)
113
urinary system
consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
114
reproductive system
produces new organisms like itself
115
muscular system
consists of the muscles in the body
116
skeletal system
consists of the bones in the body
117
abdominalpelvic cavity is also known as the.........
peritoneal cavity
118
axial
head, neck, trunk (pelvis and up)
119
metabolism
process of your body converting food to energy
120
visceral pleura
serous secreting membrane of the lung
121
parietal pleura
outer layer of the chest cavity that attaches to the chest wall
122
visceral pericardium
serous secreting membrane of the heart
123
parietal pericardium
outer layer of pericardium, thin sac of tissue that surrounds heart
124
visceral peritoneum
serous secreting membrane of the abdominal pelvic cavity
125
parietal peritoneum
covers the abdominal and pelvic walls as well as the diaphragm
126
anterior
front view
127
posterior
back view
128
ventral
front view (sideways)
129
dorsal
back view (sideways)
130
organs in the abdominal cavity:
stomach, liver, spleen, gal bladder, small intestine, large intestine
131
organs in the pelvic cavity:
large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
132
mediastinum
region between your two lungs, contains the heart, esophagus, the trachea
133
superior
means a part is above another part or closer to the head (the thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominal pelvic cavity)
134
inferior
part is below another part or toward the feet (the neck is inferior to the head)
135
Anterior
(or ventral) means toward the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain)
136
Posterior
(or dorsal) is the opposite of anterior, means towards the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity)
137
Medial
refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. A part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part (the nose is medial to the eyes)
138
Lateral
means towards the side with respect to the imaginary midline (the ears are lateral to the eyes)
139
Bilateral
refers to paired structures, one on each side (the lungs are bilateral)
140
Ipsilateral
refers to structures on the same side (the right lung and the right kidney are ipsilateral)
141
Contralateral
refers to structures on the opposite side (a patient with a fractured left leg would have to put their weight on their right contralateral leg)
142
Proximal
describes a part closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
143
Distal
is the opposite of proximal, means a particular body part is farther away from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part (fingers are distal to the wrists)
144
Superficial
means near the surface (epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin)
145
Peripheral
also means outward or near the surface but it describes location of certain blood vessels and nerves
146
Deep
describes more internal parts (the dermis is the deep layer of the skin)
147
Sagittal
refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions (right arm is on one side, the left arm is on the other side)
148
Parasagittal
lengthwise cut that divides the body into two portions but its lateral (a little to the side) of the median of the cut
149
Transverse
or horizontal, refers to cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions (sideways cut between your upper body and lower body)
150
Frontal
or coronal, refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions (meaning that your butt is on one side of the cut and your dick is on the other side)
151
Epigastric region
the upper middle portion
152
left and right hypochondriac regions
on the left and right of the epigastric region
153
Umbilical region
the center portion
154
left and right lumbar regions
on left and right side of the umbilical region
155
Hypogastric region
lower middle portion
156
left and right iliac region (or inguinal)
on the left and right sides of your hypogastric chamber
157
The abdominal area is subdivided into 4 quadrants
right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
158
cutaneous (or Pruitt Bain)
skin
159
synovial
joint with synovial fluid
