Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation

Question 1

Alveoli

Answer 1

Milk making factories where cells called lactocytes draw the needed nutrients from the bloodstream; basic units of mature glandular tissue

Question 2

Lactocytes

Answer 2

Mammary epithelial cells

Question 3

Milk-Making Tissue Components

Answer 3

• Alveoli
• Ducts and Ductules
• Lobes and lobules
  -The nipple
• The areola
• Montgomery glands

Question 4

4 stages of mammary development

Answer 4

Mammogenesis
Lactogenesis
Galactopoiesis
Involution

Question 5

When does full development of alveoli occur

Answer 5

only during pregnancy

Question 6

Lactogenesis I

Answer 6

Also called secretory differentiation- the beginning of milk production

Question 7

What hormones stimulate growth and development of milk-making parts, preparing for milk production

Answer 7

• estrogen
  -placental lactogen
  -prolactin
  -progesterone

Question 8

Another role of progesterone during milk production preparation

Answer 8

inhibits significant milk production until after birth

Question 9

What other hormones prepare mammary glands during pregnancy

Answer 9

-glucocorticoids- Cortisol
-thyroid hormone
-insulin

Question 10

Lactogenesis II

Answer 10

Also known as Secretory activation; milk “coming in”

Question 11

What causes the hormonal chain of events that causes milk production to rapidly increase

Answer 11

delivery of the placenta

Question 12

What happens after placenta is delivered

Answer 12

-Placental lactogen ends
-Estrogen and progesterone decrease
-Prolactin (milk producing hormone) start high and then decrease over the weeks (remains high)

Question 13

After birth, what is the most important aspect of establishing ample milk production

Answer 13

removing milk early, often, and well - referred to as autocrine or local control of milk production

Question 14

When is the critical period for activating enough prolactin receptors for adequate long term milk production

Answer 14

first 2 weeks- prolactin receptor theory

Question 15

Galactopoiesis

Answer 15

day 9 PP to involution; maintenance of established milk supply; supply and demand

Question 16

Prolactin-Inhibiting (preventing) Factor

Answer 16

Hypothalamic substance, either dopamine itself or mediated by dompamine

Question 17

Oxytocin

Answer 17

posterior pituitary hormone

Question 18

What happens when oxytocin is released

Answer 18

causes the milk-ejection or letdown; a contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli

Question 19

What are the categories of the mammary gland

Answer 19

-glandular tissue
-connective tissue:
-adipose
-nerves
-blood
-lymph

Question 20

Glandular Tissue

Answer 20

makes milk and transports it to the nipple

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

including coopers ligaments, which provides mechanical support to the gland

Question 22

Adipose tissue

Answer 22

fatty issue that supports growth of milk ducts during puberty and provides protection from outside injury

Question 23

Nerves

Answer 23

provides sensitivity to touch and temperature, important for milk ejection

Question 24

Blood

Answer 24

provides nourishment and the ingredients needed to make milk

Question 25

lymph

Answer 25

transports waster away from the gland

Question 26

Which arteries deliver blood to the breast

Answer 26

Internal mammary and lateral thoracic

Question 27

If a mother does not breastfeed, how long does it take for prolactin to return to nonpregnant levels

Answer 27

1 weeks`

Question 28

Which breast is usually larger

Answer 28

Left

Question 29

Hypoplasia

Answer 29

lack of breast tissue

Question 30

Intramammary space

Answer 30

Wide space between the breast

Question 31

High inframammary fold

Answer 31

Short breast with dogeared appearance

Question 32

How long does it take for oxytocin levels to rise and then return to baseline

Answer 32

rise in 1 minutes
return to baseline within 6 minutes

Question 33

“Witch’s Milk”

Answer 33

when newborn mammary tissue secrete colostrol milk for as long as 3-4 weeks

Question 34

Active suckling provides

Answer 34

feelings of calm, reduces heart rate and metabolic rate, and elevates mom and baby’s pain threshold

Question 35

During lactogenesis II milk volume increase from

Answer 35

38-98 hours PP then levels off

Question 36

The nerve supply of the breast is deprived from

Answer 36

second to the sixth intercostal nerves

Question 37

When does suckling behavior develop

Answer 37

Early in gestation-24 weeks

Question 38

Prolactin is released from

Answer 38

Anterior Pituitary

Question 39

A structure that attaches deep tissue breast to the skin

Answer 39

Coopers Ligaments

Question 40

Milk Ducts

Answer 40

small, superficial, easily compressed and increase in diameter at milk ejection

Question 41

Myoepithelial Cells

Answer 41

Responsible for ejecting milk into the ductules

Question 42

After 16 weeks of pregnancy

Answer 42

lactation occurs even if pregnancy does not progress

Question 43

Women with extra large nipples

Answer 43

more problems with BF due to low supply caused by early latch problems

Question 44

Nipple growth during pregnancy

Answer 44

influenced by serum prolactin levels

Question 45

areola growth

Answer 45

influenced by placental lactogen

Question 46

during pregnancy mammary ducts proliferate

Answer 46

under the influence of estrogen

Question 47

during pregnancy mammary lobes grow under the influence of

Answer 47

progesterone

Question 48

Galactopoiesis

Answer 48

long term maintenance of lactation