Anatomy and Physiology again

Question 1

Elements

Answer 1

unique substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances by
chemical methods

Question 2

CHON

Answer 2

Takes up 96% of the body

Question 3

Mass Number

Answer 3

whole number of protons and neutrons

Question 4

Atomic Weight

Answer 4

decimal number, average of all known
isotope

Question 5

Colloid

Answer 5

solute particles are large and can scatter light, heterogeneous mixture

Question 6

Chemical Reactions

Answer 6

reactants react with each other to form products;

Question 7

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 7

Water will be removed so that monomers are added to each other to form
polymers of each organic compound
Carbohydrates lipids proteins
water can be removed to add 2 building blocks
together to make a larger molecule (e.g. glucose and fructose can
combine to make sucrose

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

Water will be added so that polymers are broken down into monomers of
each organic compound
Carbohydrates lipids proteins

Question 9

Exchange or Displacement Reaction

Answer 9

Involve both synthesis and decomposition occurs when ATP reacts with
glucose and transfers its end phosphate group to glucose to form
glucose-phosphate

Question 10

Oxidation Reduction

Answer 10

decomposition reaction
because they’re the basis for all food fuels that are broken down into energy
§ Special type of exchange reactions because electrons are exchanged
between the reactants

Question 11

Factors that affect rate of chemical reactions

Answer 11

Increased by temperature
o Increased concentration of reactants
o Decreased particle size
o Increased by biological catalysts (enzymes

Question 12

Water

Answer 12

60 to 80 percent of our body

Question 13

High Heat Capacity

Answer 13

absorbs and releases large amounts of energy before
changing temperature (prevents a fever from developing)

Question 14

High Heat of Vaporization

Answer 14

water changes from a liquid to a gas and allows water
to evaporate from our body (allows our body to cool when sweating)

Question 15

Polar Solvent Properties

Answer 15

water acts as a universal solvent, polar properties
allow negative end of water molecule to orient itself to positive end of solute

Question 16

Hydration Layers

Answer 16

water can form shielding layers around larger molecules like
protein

Question 17

Reactivity

Answer 17

water can act as an important reactant in many chemical reactions

Question 18

Hydrolysis or Decomposition

Answer 18

water can break a larger molecule down
into building blocks (e.g. dipeptide can be broken down into 2 amino acids)

Question 19

Cushioning

Answer 19

water can cushion certain organs (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid,
CSF can surround and cushion the brain and spinal cord

Question 20

Denaturation

Answer 20

dangerous in the body
Can cause proteins to unravel and lose their shape and function
o Disruption of hydrogen bonds that hold molecules together
o Damage molecules because pH or heat is outside of the normal range
o Disrupting binding active site

Question 21

Carbohydrates

Answer 21

Glycogen
Lactose
Glucose

Question 22

Lipids

Answer 22

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 23

Proteins

Answer 23

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Enzymes lower the activation energy, are reusable and can
increase reaction rates up to 1 million times

Question 25

Endergonic

Answer 25

Absorb Energy

Question 26

Exergonic

Answer 26

Release Energy

Question 27

What causes proteins to fold

Answer 27

Once they are synthesized in the ribosomes

Question 28

Primary Structure

Answer 28

sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide chain

Question 29

Secondary Structure

Answer 29

primary chain folded into alpha helices or beta pleated sheet

Question 30

Tertiary Structure

Answer 30

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets folded up to form globular molecules

Question 31

Quarternary Structure

Answer 31

two or more polypeptide chain with each chain having a tertiary structur

Question 32

Nucleic Acids

Answer 32

ATP DNA RNA

Question 33

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 33

fluid surrounding tissues in blood vessels and outside of cells, rich in sodium (Na+ ) and chloride (Cl- ); patients receive saline solution (0.9% NaCl) as soon as IVs are started in the hospital

Question 34

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 34

fluid found inside the cells, rich in potassium (K+ ) and amino acids

Question 35

Importance of Proteins in the Plasma Membrane

Answer 35

signaling into and out of the cells, ion transport, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.

Question 36

Tight Junctions

Answer 36

impermeable junctions that keep substances on the proper side of cells, found in areas of the body where cells need to be “tightly” held together, found between epithelial cells lining intestine

Question 37

Desmosomes

Answer 37

anchor adjacent cells together like rivets to resist their separation during contractile activities, found in areas of the body where there is a lot of stress like the cardiac muscle and between the epithelial cells of the skin

Question 38

Gap Junctions

Answer 38

– allows passage of chemical substances, used for communication of ions between cells like cardiac muscle cell

Question 39

Simple Diffusion

Answer 39

movement of lipid soluble particles or small gases (O2 and CO2 across the lung membrane), gases travel down their concentration gradient § Rate of diffusion affected by concentration gradient of chemical diffusion, mass of the diffusing chemical, distance that the chemical has to diffuse

Question 40

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 40

helper molecule that assists movement from high concentration to low concentration If glucose binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane, there will be a conformational change in the carrier protein that allows the solute to move to the other side

Question 41

Osmosis

Answer 41

movement of water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, due to the tonicity (solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content) of a solution

Question 42

Primary Active Transport

Answer 42

solute pumping like the Na+ /K+ pump

Question 43

Secondary Active Transport

Answer 43

used energy stored in a concentration gradient to move other substances across the membrane against their concentration gradient An example of this would be the movement of glucose of H+ against its concentration gradient (energy used for this process is from a primary active transport pump like the Na+ /K+ pump

Question 44

Symporter

Answer 44

– two substances will cross the membrane in the same direction

Question 45

Antiporter

Answer 45

two substances will cross the membrane in opposite direction

Question 46

Vesicular Transport

Answer 46

a form of active transport whereby vesicles are formed around a large amount of molecules (these vesicles can move into the cell, across the cell, or out of the cell)

Question 47

Chemical Signaling

Answer 47

ligand (first messenger), receptor, G proteins, enzyme, second messenger

Question 48

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 48

– contains ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Question 49

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 49

synthesizes hormones and lipids

Question 50

Microfilaments

Answer 50

– involved in cell movement or changes in cell shape, one of the main proteins is actin, forms cleavage furrow during telophase of mitosis

Question 51

Microtubules

Answer 51

– shape the cell and facilitate movement of the cellular organelles, make up centrioles (forms the poles of mitotic spindle in cell division)

Question 52

Microvilli

Answer 52

extensions of the plasma membrane, increase surface area for absorptio

Question 53

Nucleoli

Answer 53

Produces rRNA

Question 54

Chromatin

Answer 54

Non Condensed DNA