Anatomy and Physiology again Flashcards
Elements
unique substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances by
chemical methods
CHON
Takes up 96% of the body
Mass Number
whole number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Weight
decimal number, average of all known
isotope
Colloid
solute particles are large and can scatter light, heterogeneous mixture
Chemical Reactions
reactants react with each other to form products;
Dehydration Synthesis
Water will be removed so that monomers are added to each other to form
polymers of each organic compound
Carbohydrates lipids proteins
water can be removed to add 2 building blocks
together to make a larger molecule (e.g. glucose and fructose can
combine to make sucrose
Hydrolysis
Water will be added so that polymers are broken down into monomers of
each organic compound
Carbohydrates lipids proteins
Exchange or Displacement Reaction
Involve both synthesis and decomposition occurs when ATP reacts with
glucose and transfers its end phosphate group to glucose to form
glucose-phosphate
Oxidation Reduction
decomposition reaction
because they’re the basis for all food fuels that are broken down into energy
§ Special type of exchange reactions because electrons are exchanged
between the reactants
Factors that affect rate of chemical reactions
Increased by temperature
o Increased concentration of reactants
o Decreased particle size
o Increased by biological catalysts (enzymes
Water
60 to 80 percent of our body
High Heat Capacity
absorbs and releases large amounts of energy before
changing temperature (prevents a fever from developing)
High Heat of Vaporization
water changes from a liquid to a gas and allows water
to evaporate from our body (allows our body to cool when sweating)
Polar Solvent Properties
water acts as a universal solvent, polar properties
allow negative end of water molecule to orient itself to positive end of solute
Hydration Layers
water can form shielding layers around larger molecules like
protein
Reactivity
water can act as an important reactant in many chemical reactions
Hydrolysis or Decomposition
water can break a larger molecule down
into building blocks (e.g. dipeptide can be broken down into 2 amino acids)
Cushioning
water can cushion certain organs (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid,
CSF can surround and cushion the brain and spinal cord
Denaturation
dangerous in the body
Can cause proteins to unravel and lose their shape and function
o Disruption of hydrogen bonds that hold molecules together
o Damage molecules because pH or heat is outside of the normal range
o Disrupting binding active site
Carbohydrates
Glycogen
Lactose
Glucose
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Proteins
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes
Enzymes lower the activation energy, are reusable and can
increase reaction rates up to 1 million times
Endergonic
Absorb Energy
Exergonic
Release Energy
What causes proteins to fold
Once they are synthesized in the ribosomes
Primary Structure
sequence of amino acids forming the
polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure
primary chain folded into alpha helices or
beta pleated sheet
Tertiary Structure
alpha helices and beta pleated sheets folded
up to form globular molecules
Quarternary Structure
two or more polypeptide chain with each
chain having a tertiary structur
Nucleic Acids
ATP
DNA
RNA
Extracellular Fluid
fluid surrounding tissues in blood vessels and outside
of cells, rich in sodium (Na+
) and chloride (Cl-
); patients receive saline solution
(0.9% NaCl) as soon as IVs are started in the hospital
Intracellular Fluid
fluid found inside the cells, rich in potassium (K+
) and
amino acids
Importance of Proteins in the Plasma Membrane
signaling into and out of the cells, ion transport, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
Tight Junctions
impermeable junctions that keep substances on the proper side
of cells, found in areas of the body where cells need to be “tightly” held together,
found between epithelial cells lining intestine
Desmosomes
anchor adjacent cells together like rivets to resist their separation
during contractile activities, found in areas of the body where there is a lot of
stress like the cardiac muscle and between the epithelial cells of the skin
Gap Junctions
– allows passage of chemical substances, used for communication
of ions between cells like cardiac muscle cell
Simple Diffusion
movement of lipid soluble particles or small gases (O2 and
CO2 across the lung membrane), gases travel down their concentration gradient
§ Rate of diffusion affected by concentration gradient of chemical diffusion,
mass of the diffusing chemical, distance that the chemical has to diffuse
Facilitated Diffusion
helper molecule that assists movement from high
concentration to low concentration
If glucose binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane,
there will be a conformational change in the carrier protein that allows the
solute to move to the other side
Osmosis
movement of water from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration, due to the tonicity (solution’s ability to change the volume of cells
by altering their water content) of a solution
Primary Active Transport
solute pumping like the Na+
/K+ pump
Secondary Active Transport
used energy stored in a concentration gradient to
move other substances across the membrane against their concentration
gradient
An example of this would be the movement of glucose of H+ against its
concentration gradient (energy used for this process is from a primary
active transport pump like the Na+
/K+ pump
Symporter
– two substances will cross the membrane in the same
direction
Antiporter
two substances will cross the membrane in opposite
direction
Vesicular Transport
a form of active transport whereby vesicles are formed
around a large amount of molecules (these vesicles can move into the cell,
across the cell, or out of the cell)
Chemical Signaling
ligand (first messenger), receptor, G proteins, enzyme, second
messenger
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
– contains ribosomes which synthesize
proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesizes hormones and lipids
Microfilaments
– involved in cell movement or changes in cell
shape, one of the main proteins is actin, forms cleavage furrow
during telophase of mitosis
Microtubules
– shape the cell and facilitate movement of the
cellular organelles, make up centrioles (forms the poles of mitotic
spindle in cell division)
Microvilli
extensions of the plasma membrane, increase surface
area for absorptio
Nucleoli
Produces rRNA
Chromatin
Non Condensed DNA
