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Year 4 OBGYN > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the Breasts

A
  • Lateral Sternal Border to Mid Axillary Line
  • Superficial to Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior
  • Nipple surrounded by areolea (containing sebaceous glands)
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2
Q

What are Mammary Glands?

A

Modified sweat glands

Series of 15-20 ducts/secretory lobules

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3
Q

What is the role of Cooper’s Ligaments of the Breast?

A

Attaches and secures to dermis/pectoral fascia

Separates secretory lobules

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4
Q

State the blood supply of the Breast

A

Internal Thoracic Artery
Lateral Thoracic
Thoracoacromial

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5
Q

State three roles of the vulva

A

Sensory tissue during Sexual Intercourse
Assists in Micturition
Protects internal female organs from infection

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6
Q

What is the Mons Pubis

A

Anterior fat pad (to pubic symphysis) formed by fusion of labia majora

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7
Q

What are the Labia Majora?

A

Hair bearing external skin folds
Cover perineal body
Embryologically derived from labioscrotal swellings

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8
Q

What are the Labia Minora?

A

Hairless folds lying within the Labia Majora
Fuse anteriorly to form clitoral hood, and posteriorly to form fourchette
Derived from Urethral Folds

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9
Q

What is the Vestibule?

A

Area containing openings of urethra and vagina

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10
Q

What are Bartholin’s Glands?

A

Secrete lubricating mucous from small ducts either side of vaginal orifice in sexual intercourse

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11
Q

What is the Clitoris?

A

Formed of Erectile Corpus Cavernosa Tissue
Becomes engorged in stimulation
Derived from Genital Tubercle

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12
Q

Describe the arterial supply and lymphatic drainage of the Vulva

A

Pudendal Artery

Superficial Inguinal

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13
Q

Describe the sensory innervation of the Vulva

A

Anterior - Ilioinguinal, Genital Branch of Genitofemoral

Posterior - Pudendal, Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh

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14
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of the Vagina

A

Fibromuscular tube, normally collapsed with walls in contact with one and other

At upper end surrounds cervix, forming anterior and posterior fornix

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15
Q

Describe two clinical relevances of the Posterior Fornix

A
  • Where a high vaginal swab should be taken from

- A reservoir for sperm, allowing it to liquify for easier cervical penetration

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16
Q

Describe the four histological layers of Vagina

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Elastic Lamina Propria
Fibromuscular Layer (Inner Circular, Outer Longitudinal)
Adventitia

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17
Q

Describe the arterial supply of Vagina

A

Internal Iliac

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18
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of Vagina

A

Superior - External Iliac Nodes
Middle - Internal Iliac Nodes
Inferior - Superficial Inguinal Nodes

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19
Q

What is the Ectocervix?

A

Portion of the cervix extending into the Vagina

Opening is called External Os

Histologically Stratified Squamous Non Keratinised

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20
Q

What is the Endocervix?

A

AKA Endocervical Canal
Mucous Secreting Simple Columnar
Enters Uterine Cavity via Internal Os

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21
Q

Give two roles of the Cervix

A

Allows passage of Sperm

Maintains sterility of Upper Genital Tract (Narrow Os, Frequent Shedding, Thick Mucous)

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22
Q

Describe the normal position of the Uterus

A

Normally Antiverted and Antiflexed

Varies with bladder distension

23
Q

What is the relevance of a Retroverted Uterus?

A

More vertical above Vagina therefore more likely to prolapse

24
Q

State the three Histological layers of the Uterus

A

Perimetrium (continuous with abdominal peritoneum)

Myometrium

Endometrium

25
Q

Describe the two endometrial sub layers

A

Deep Stratum Basalis - Doesn’t really change throughout menstrual cycle and isn’t shed

Superficial Stratum Functionalis - Proliferates in response to Oestrogen and becomes secretory in response to Progesterone. Regenerates from Stratum Basalis

26
Q

What is the Broad Ligament?

A

Double layer of peritoneum attaching Uterus to Pelvis, helping maintain position

Made up of Mesometrium, Mesosalpinx, Mesovarium

27
Q

What is the Round Ligament?

A

Remnants of the Gubernaculum

From Uterus to Labia Majora via Inguinal Canal (Maintains Antiversion)

28
Q

What is the Ovarian Ligament?

A

Connects Ovaries to Uterus

29
Q

What is the Cardinal Ligament?

A

The base of the broad ligament

Cervix to lateral pelvic walls

Contains Uterine Artery and Vein

30
Q

What is the Pubocervical Ligament?

A

Attaches Cervix to Pubic Symphysis

31
Q

What is the Uterosacral Ligament?

A

Attaches Uterus to Sacrum, providing support

32
Q

How are the Fallopian Tubes adapted to assist ovum transport?

A

Inner Mucosa - Ciliated, Peg Cells (secretory, supply with nutrients)
Smooth Muscle - Contracts, Sensitive to Oestrogen

33
Q

Name the four parts of the Fallopian Tube

A

Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

34
Q

Describe the Histology of the Ovaries

A

Surface - Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Cortex - Stroma and Follicles
Medulla - Loose connective tissue and rich vasculature

35
Q

Name the two ligaments associated with the Ovaries

A

Suspension (from mesovarium to pelvic wall)

Ovarian (to Fundus)

36
Q

Where do the Ovarian Lymphatics drain to?

A

Para Aortic Nodes

37
Q

Name three functions of the Pelvic Floor

A

Continence
Supporting Viscera
Resisting increased Intra abdo/ Pelvic Pressure

38
Q

Name the three muscles of Levator Ani and their midpoint attachment

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

Perineal Body

39
Q

What is the Urogenital Diaphragm?

A

Anterior triangular fibrous structure

40
Q

Name the three Perineal Muscles

A

Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Transverse Perineal

41
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH respectively?

A

FSH stimulates Oestrogen production and Oogenesis

LH stimulates Progesterone production

42
Q

Describe the order of pubertal changes in girls

A 
Thelarche 
Pubarche
Growth Spurt
Menarche
Adult Pubic Hair
Breast Development
43
Q

Describe Pubarche in Girls

A

Initially sparse, light and straight
Through it becomes thicker and darker

Axillary hair growth begins two years later

44
Q

Describe Menarche

A

Normally occurs 1.5-3 years after Thelarche

Average age for Caucasians is 12.8 years, and 4-8m later for African American

45
Q

Describe Growth Spurts during Puberty

A

Rises from increased stimulation from Testosterone/Oestrodiol

GH increases IGF1 and causes somatic growth by metabolic actions

46
Q

The Ovarian Cycle can last between 20 and 35 days. Describe the follicular phase.

A

FSH stimulates Granulosa to convert androgens to oestrogen
LH stimulates Theca to produce Androgens
Follicle prepared for Ovulation

Oestrogen initially rises and exerts negative feedback until reaches positive
Inhibin released, inhibiting FSH and allowing LH surge

47
Q

The Ovarian Cycle can last between 20 and 35 days. Describe the luteal phase.

A

Granulosa and Theca cells become vascularised today form Corpus Luteum

Corpus Luteum produces Inhibin and Progesterone

If fertilised, bHCG from Syncytiotrophoblast maintains Corpus Luteum

48
Q

Describe the Proliferative Phase of the Uterine Cycle

A

Corresponds with follicular phase
Functional layer doubles in size in response to Oestrogen
Straight glands become coiled

49
Q

Describe the Secretory phase of the Uterine Cycle

A

Glands become Secretory due to Progesterone

Functional Layer Sheds

50
Q

Describe the hormonal changes in Menopause

A

Reduced Oestrogen, Progesterone and Inhibin

Increased FSH and LH

51
Q

When does Fertility end graphically?

A

When decreasing follicle number intersects increasing proportion of poor quality

52
Q

Describe the ‘Pre Menopause’ stage

A

Shortened follicular phase and more frequent LH Surges

Ovulation is early or absent

53
Q

Describe the Perimenopause stage

A

Transition when Women begin to notice changes

Mood swings, Hot flushes

54
Q

Describe the Post Menopausal risks

A

Osteoporosis (Type 1)
Atherosclerosis
Alzheimer’s

Year 4 OBGYN (15 decks)

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