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PE Paper 1 > anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is in a synovial joint

A

Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, joint capsule cartilage, ligaments

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2
Q

Name the types of synovial joints

A

Hinge and ball and socket

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3
Q

Name a synovial joint in the body

A

Knee, elbow, hip, shoulder

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A

Protection, Mineral storage, blood cell production, movement, support and structural shape and points for attachment.

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5
Q

What bones are found in the leg

A

talus, fibula, tibia, femur

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6
Q

what bones are found in the arm

A

humerus, radius, ulna

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7
Q

what bones are found in the torso

A

ribs, pelvis, sternum, scapula, cranium, spine(vertebrae)

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8
Q

what muscles are found in the arm

A

bicep, tricep

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9
Q

what muscles are found in the leg

A

quadricep, hamstring, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

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10
Q

what muscles are found in the torso

A

hip flexors, gluteals, abdominals, pectorals, lattimus dorsi, deltiod and rotator cuffs

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11
Q

what movement happens at the elbow

A

flexion and extension

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12
Q

what movement happens at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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13
Q

what movement happens at the knee

A

flexion and extension

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14
Q

what movement happens at the hip

A

flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

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15
Q

what movement happens at the shoulder

A

Rotation, sewrcumduction, adduction and abduction

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16
Q

what is an agonist muscle

A

the muscle that contracts to complete the movement

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17
Q

what is the antagonist muscle

A

the muscles that relaxes to complete the movement

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18
Q

what is an eccentric contraction

A

when the muscle contracts but still elongates

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19
Q

what is a concentric contraction

A

when the muscle contracts and gets shorter

20
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

when the muscle contracts but the length doesn’t change

21
Q

name the 2 isotonic contractions

A

eccentric and concentric

22
Q

what is the route of the air when inspiring

A

mouth/nose => trachea => bronchus => bronchioles => alveoli => blood

23
Q

how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

A

high surface area, one cell thick, large blood supply and steep concentration gradient

24
Q

describe a artery

A

thick muscle walls, small lumen and carries blood away from the heart

25
Q

describe a vein

A

thin muscle walls, large lumen and carries blood towards the heart

26
Q

what are the 4 sections in the heart called

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and right ventricle

27
Q

what is the route of the blood

A 
• deoxygenated blood into right atrium
• then into the right ventricle
• the pulmonary artery then transports
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• gas exchange occurs (blood is
oxygenated)
• pulmonary vein transports oxygenated
blood back to the left atrium
• then into the left ventricle
• before oxygenated blood is ejected and
transported to the body via the aorta.
28
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output=stroke volume*heart rate

29
Q

what is the point of valves

A

to prevent back flow

30
Q

how do valves prevent back flow

A

valves prevent back flow as the shape makes it easier for the pressure of blood to push through but going backwards causes the valve to close because the blood is caught around the outside then pushes it shut

31
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out the heart in one minute

32
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of the blood pumped out the heart in one contraction

33
Q

what happens when you inhale

A

your intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm contracts and sternocleidomastoid contracts and chest expands and abdominals relaxes then lungs expand and fill with air

34
Q

what happens when you exhale

A

your intercostal muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes and sternocleidmastoid relaxes and abdominals contract chest decreases and lungs decrease

35
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath

36
Q

what is expirartory reserve volume

A

volume of air exhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume

37
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air inhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume

38
Q

what is residual volume

A

the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

39
Q

What does EPOC stand for

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

40
Q

What does EPOC do

A

To remove excess lactic acid

41
Q

What does a cool down do

A

It gradually reduces heart rate, reduces body temperature and dispersed and removes excess lactic acid

42
Q

Name some immediate effects of exercise

A

Getting hot, sweating, becoming red ( your capillaries by the skin dilate- get bigger- so hot blood realises heat energy to the environment), increase depth and rate of breathing and increased heart rate

43
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Fatigue, nausea, light headed, aching, cramp and doms

44
Q

What does DOMS stand for

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

45
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise

A

Muscular hypertrophy, changed body shape (losing fat), increased muscular strength and endurance and speed, larger veins and arteries, increased strength for bones, ligaments and tendons and improved cardio vascular system and cardiac hypertrophy

46
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

Increased muscle for the heart

47
Q

What is muscular hypertrophy

A

Increased muscle

PE Paper 1 (3 decks)

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