anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What is in a synovial joint
Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, joint capsule cartilage, ligaments
Name the types of synovial joints
Hinge and ball and socket
Name a synovial joint in the body
Knee, elbow, hip, shoulder
What are the functions of the skeleton
Protection, Mineral storage, blood cell production, movement, support and structural shape and points for attachment.
What bones are found in the leg
talus, fibula, tibia, femur
what bones are found in the arm
humerus, radius, ulna
what bones are found in the torso
ribs, pelvis, sternum, scapula, cranium, spine(vertebrae)
what muscles are found in the arm
bicep, tricep
what muscles are found in the leg
quadricep, hamstring, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
what muscles are found in the torso
hip flexors, gluteals, abdominals, pectorals, lattimus dorsi, deltiod and rotator cuffs
what movement happens at the elbow
flexion and extension
what movement happens at the ankle
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
what movement happens at the knee
flexion and extension
what movement happens at the hip
flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
what movement happens at the shoulder
Rotation, sewrcumduction, adduction and abduction
what is an agonist muscle
the muscle that contracts to complete the movement
what is the antagonist muscle
the muscles that relaxes to complete the movement
what is an eccentric contraction
when the muscle contracts but still elongates
what is a concentric contraction
when the muscle contracts and gets shorter
what is an isometric contraction
when the muscle contracts but the length doesn’t change
name the 2 isotonic contractions
eccentric and concentric
what is the route of the air when inspiring
mouth/nose => trachea => bronchus => bronchioles => alveoli => blood
how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange
high surface area, one cell thick, large blood supply and steep concentration gradient
describe a artery
thick muscle walls, small lumen and carries blood away from the heart
describe a vein
thin muscle walls, large lumen and carries blood towards the heart
what are the 4 sections in the heart called
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and right ventricle
what is the route of the blood
• deoxygenated blood into right atrium • then into the right ventricle • the pulmonary artery then transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs • gas exchange occurs (blood is oxygenated) • pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood back to the left atrium • then into the left ventricle • before oxygenated blood is ejected and transported to the body via the aorta.
what is the equation for cardiac output
cardiac output=stroke volume*heart rate
what is the point of valves
to prevent back flow
how do valves prevent back flow
valves prevent back flow as the shape makes it easier for the pressure of blood to push through but going backwards causes the valve to close because the blood is caught around the outside then pushes it shut
what is cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out the heart in one minute
what is stroke volume
the amount of the blood pumped out the heart in one contraction
what happens when you inhale
your intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm contracts and sternocleidomastoid contracts and chest expands and abdominals relaxes then lungs expand and fill with air
what happens when you exhale
your intercostal muscles relax and diaphragm relaxes and sternocleidmastoid relaxes and abdominals contract chest decreases and lungs decrease
what is tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath
what is expirartory reserve volume
volume of air exhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume
what is inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air inhaled in a deep breath subtract tidal volume
what is residual volume
the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation
What does EPOC stand for
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
What does EPOC do
To remove excess lactic acid
What does a cool down do
It gradually reduces heart rate, reduces body temperature and dispersed and removes excess lactic acid
Name some immediate effects of exercise
Getting hot, sweating, becoming red ( your capillaries by the skin dilate- get bigger- so hot blood realises heat energy to the environment), increase depth and rate of breathing and increased heart rate
What are the short term effects of exercise
Fatigue, nausea, light headed, aching, cramp and doms
What does DOMS stand for
Delayed onset muscle soreness
What are the long term effects of exercise
Muscular hypertrophy, changed body shape (losing fat), increased muscular strength and endurance and speed, larger veins and arteries, increased strength for bones, ligaments and tendons and improved cardio vascular system and cardiac hypertrophy
What is cardiac hypertrophy
Increased muscle for the heart
What is muscular hypertrophy
Increased muscle
