anatomy and physiology Flashcards by olivia mcnamara

filled with a serous fluid produced by the pericardium, in which holds the heart

pericardial cavity

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outermost layer of heart

epicardium

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middle layer of heart that contains the cardiac muscle tissue; performs function of pumping what is necessary for the circulation of blood

myocardium

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smooth innermost layer that keeps the blood from sticking to the inside of the heart

endocardium

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responsible for pumping the blood through the body

left half of the heart

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pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

right half of heart

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valves that keep the blood from going back into the atria from the ventricles

atrioventricular valves

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valves that keep the blood from going back into the ventricles from the arteries

semilunar valves

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between right atrium and ventricle

tricuspid valve

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between left atrium and ventricle

bicuspid valve

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largest artery in the body

aorta

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how much blood do we have

4-5L

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produced inside the red bone marrow and transport oxygen

RBC

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red pigment found in the rbc and is rich in iron and proteins which allows these cells to transport the oxygen

hemoglobin

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muscles are contracting and moving blood from any given chamber

systole

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muscles are relaxing and the chamber is expanding to fill with blood

diastole

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at what rate does a healthy heart pump blood while resting

5 l per minute

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blood from the left ventricle goes to

the aorta and aortic arch

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responsible for ensuring that air enters the trachea and food enters the esophagus

epiglottis

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gas exchange in the lungs happens where

alveoli

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diaphragm contacts and moves a few inches towards the stomach, making more space for the lungs to expand, and this movement pulls the air into the lungs

inhalation

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diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax, and the internal intercostal muscles contract

exhalation

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the air that we breathe in through the mouth enters the throat at the

oropharynx

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how many lobes does the left lung have

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bronchioles branch from the

tertiary bronchi

skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column

axial skeleton

pelvic and pectoral girdles

appendicular skeleton

stem cells can be found

in red bone marrow

the bone that is actually moving towards the other

insertion

muscle mainly responsible for the action

agonist

muscle that does the opposite action of another muscle

antagonist

type of muscle found in blood vessels

visceral muscles

causes muscle contractions

myofibrils

made up of brain and spinal cord; processing and storing information

cns

responsible for gathering information, transporting it to the cns, and then transporting commands from the cns to the appropriate organs

pns

responsible for sending information from the soma

axon

places where 2 neurons meet or where they meet other types of cells

synapses

motor neurons responsible for transmitting signals from the cns to the effectors in the body

efferent neurons

transmit signals from receptors in the body to the cns

afferent neurons

also known as neuroglia cells

glial cells

divided through the middle by the longitudinal fissure into the left and the right hemisphere

cerebrum

responsible for higher brain functions like thinking and using language

cerebral cortex

plays a role in memory, emotions and survival

limbic system

structure formed by the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

diencephalon

route sensory signals to the correct parts of the cerebral cortex

thalamus

plays a role in regulating hunger, thirst, blood pressure, and body temp changes, as well as heart rate and the production of hormones

hypothalamus

produces the hormone melatonin, which plays a vital role is sleep

pineal gland

processes involuntary body reflexes like sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing

medulla oblongata

in charge of transporting signals to and from the cerebellum

pons

to control and coordinate complex muscle activities; helps us maintain posture and keep balance

cerebellum

how many pairs of spinal nerves do we have

31 pairs

forms flight or fight reaction to stimuli like emotion, danger, and exercise

sympathetic nervous system

responsible for stimulating activities that occur when the body is at rest, including digestion and sexual arousal

parasympathetic

tube that enables the passage of food and air further into the body

pharynx

allows food to pass to the esophagus by covering the opening of the larynx

epiglottis

order of digestinal tract

mouth. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small in, large in, rectum, anus

produces hormone which controls growth and some aspects of sexual functioning

pituitary gland

releases melatonin- hormone that induces drowsiness and lowers body temp

pineal gland

controls protein production and the bodys use of energy

thyroid gland

regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body

parathyroid gland

somatotropin is secreted by

pituitary gland

2 systems that work closely together

endocrine and nervous

post pituitary hormones

PAO= oxcytocin and ADH

ant pituitary hormone

FLAT PIG= FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PROLACTIN, IGNORE, GROWTH HORMONE

thyroid hormone

T3 T4 CALCITONIN

adrenal hormones

MEN; from medulla= epi and norepi

integumentARY SYSTEM AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

touch input via integ system sends messages to the nervous system

what composes chyle

lymph and fatty acids

which organ system stores minerals

skeletal system

not part of the limbic system

medulla oblongata

enlargement of thyroid might affect

swallowing

what part of the ear compresses sound waves and passes them to the inner ear

stirrup

how is pepsin used by the body

break down proteins

two main parts of the mammaliam skull

mandible and cranium

when does the pancreas secrete the most insulin

when blood sugars rise

what would you expect for a whiplash injury

traumatic injury to ligaments

enzyme that functions to break down a specific sugar

lactase

mineral that helps maintain fluid balance in the body

potassium

function of parathyroid hormone

activating vitamin d

not an example of nonspecific immune response

production of antibodies

mineral important for formation of blood

copper

organ system responsible for preventing water loss

integumentary system

herniated lumbar disc causes pain

sciatic nerve

what is urea

end product of protein metabolism