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hesi 2 > anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

filled with a serous fluid produced by the pericardium, in which holds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

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2
Q

outermost layer of heart

A

epicardium

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3
Q

middle layer of heart that contains the cardiac muscle tissue; performs function of pumping what is necessary for the circulation of blood

A

myocardium

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4
Q

smooth innermost layer that keeps the blood from sticking to the inside of the heart

A

endocardium

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5
Q

responsible for pumping the blood through the body

A

left half of the heart

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6
Q

pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

right half of heart

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7
Q

valves that keep the blood from going back into the atria from the ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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8
Q

valves that keep the blood from going back into the ventricles from the arteries

A

semilunar valves

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9
Q

between right atrium and ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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10
Q

between left atrium and ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

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11
Q

largest artery in the body

A

aorta

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12
Q

how much blood do we have

A

4-5L

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13
Q

produced inside the red bone marrow and transport oxygen

A

RBC

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14
Q

red pigment found in the rbc and is rich in iron and proteins which allows these cells to transport the oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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15
Q

muscles are contracting and moving blood from any given chamber

A

systole

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16
Q

muscles are relaxing and the chamber is expanding to fill with blood

A

diastole

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17
Q

at what rate does a healthy heart pump blood while resting

A

5 l per minute

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18
Q

blood from the left ventricle goes to

A

the aorta and aortic arch

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19
Q

responsible for ensuring that air enters the trachea and food enters the esophagus

A

epiglottis

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20
Q

gas exchange in the lungs happens where

A

alveoli

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21
Q

diaphragm contacts and moves a few inches towards the stomach, making more space for the lungs to expand, and this movement pulls the air into the lungs

A

inhalation

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22
Q

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax, and the internal intercostal muscles contract

A

exhalation

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23
Q

the air that we breathe in through the mouth enters the throat at the

A

oropharynx

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24
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

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25
Q

bronchioles branch from the

A

tertiary bronchi

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26
Q

skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column

A

axial skeleton

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27
Q

pelvic and pectoral girdles

A

appendicular skeleton

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28
Q

stem cells can be found

A

in red bone marrow

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29
Q

the bone that is actually moving towards the other

A

insertion

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30
Q

muscle mainly responsible for the action

A

agonist

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31
Q

muscle that does the opposite action of another muscle

A

antagonist

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32
Q

type of muscle found in blood vessels

A

visceral muscles

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33
Q

causes muscle contractions

A

myofibrils

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34
Q

made up of brain and spinal cord; processing and storing information

A

cns

35
Q

responsible for gathering information, transporting it to the cns, and then transporting commands from the cns to the appropriate organs

A

pns

36
Q

responsible for sending information from the soma

A

axon

37
Q

places where 2 neurons meet or where they meet other types of cells

A

synapses

38
Q

motor neurons responsible for transmitting signals from the cns to the effectors in the body

A

efferent neurons

39
Q

transmit signals from receptors in the body to the cns

A

afferent neurons

40
Q

also known as neuroglia cells

A

glial cells

41
Q

divided through the middle by the longitudinal fissure into the left and the right hemisphere

A

cerebrum

42
Q

responsible for higher brain functions like thinking and using language

A

cerebral cortex

43
Q

plays a role in memory, emotions and survival

A

limbic system

44
Q

structure formed by the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

A

diencephalon

45
Q

route sensory signals to the correct parts of the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

46
Q

plays a role in regulating hunger, thirst, blood pressure, and body temp changes, as well as heart rate and the production of hormones

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

produces the hormone melatonin, which plays a vital role is sleep

A

pineal gland

48
Q

processes involuntary body reflexes like sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing

A

medulla oblongata

49
Q

in charge of transporting signals to and from the cerebellum

A

pons

50
Q

to control and coordinate complex muscle activities; helps us maintain posture and keep balance

A

cerebellum

51
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves do we have

A

31 pairs

52
Q

forms flight or fight reaction to stimuli like emotion, danger, and exercise

A

sympathetic nervous system

53
Q

responsible for stimulating activities that occur when the body is at rest, including digestion and sexual arousal

A

parasympathetic

54
Q

tube that enables the passage of food and air further into the body

A

pharynx

55
Q

allows food to pass to the esophagus by covering the opening of the larynx

A

epiglottis

56
Q

order of digestinal tract

A

mouth. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small in, large in, rectum, anus

57
Q

produces hormone which controls growth and some aspects of sexual functioning

A

pituitary gland

58
Q

releases melatonin- hormone that induces drowsiness and lowers body temp

A

pineal gland

59
Q

controls protein production and the bodys use of energy

A

thyroid gland

60
Q

regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body

A

parathyroid gland

61
Q

somatotropin is secreted by

A

pituitary gland

62
Q

2 systems that work closely together

A

endocrine and nervous

63
Q

post pituitary hormones

A

PAO= oxcytocin and ADH

64
Q

ant pituitary hormone

A

FLAT PIG= FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PROLACTIN, IGNORE, GROWTH HORMONE

65
Q

thyroid hormone

A

T3 T4 CALCITONIN

66
Q

adrenal hormones

A

MEN; from medulla= epi and norepi

67
Q

integumentARY SYSTEM AND NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

touch input via integ system sends messages to the nervous system

68
Q

what composes chyle

A

lymph and fatty acids

69
Q

which organ system stores minerals

A

skeletal system

70
Q

not part of the limbic system

A

medulla oblongata

71
Q

enlargement of thyroid might affect

A

swallowing

72
Q

what part of the ear compresses sound waves and passes them to the inner ear

A

stirrup

73
Q

how is pepsin used by the body

A

break down proteins

74
Q

two main parts of the mammaliam skull

A

mandible and cranium

75
Q

when does the pancreas secrete the most insulin

A

when blood sugars rise

76
Q

what would you expect for a whiplash injury

A

traumatic injury to ligaments

77
Q

enzyme that functions to break down a specific sugar

A

lactase

78
Q

mineral that helps maintain fluid balance in the body

A

potassium

79
Q

function of parathyroid hormone

A

activating vitamin d

80
Q

not an example of nonspecific immune response

A

production of antibodies

81
Q

mineral important for formation of blood

A

copper

82
Q

organ system responsible for preventing water loss

A

integumentary system

83
Q

herniated lumbar disc causes pain

A

sciatic nerve

84
Q

what is urea

A

end product of protein metabolism

hesi 2 (4 decks)

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