Anatomy and physiology

Question 1

What is a growth plate?

Answer 1

A growth plate is the immature/undeveloped bone located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone e.g femur.

Question 2

What is a stress fracture ?

Answer 2

It is hairline cracks e.g the TIbia from overuse and repetitive action from activities such as cricket.

Question 3

what is Osteoarthritus?

Answer 3

It is the degeneration of articular cartlidge caused by wear and tear. It leads to reduction of synovial fluid and causes bone spurs and discomfort.

Question 4

What are ligament tears?

Answer 4

This is a sidewards impact at the knee which can cause anterior cruciate ligament damage. Contact sports e.g Rugby and Football.

Question 5

What is tennis/golf elbow?

Answer 5

It is the overuse injury that causes swelling of the elbow.

Question 6

What is Peak Bone Density?

Answer 6

This is the increased bone thickness, caused by a varied line of stress, increases the calcium deposits and decreases the chance of injury.

Question 7

What is joint stability?

Answer 7

Joint stability is:

• Increased thickness of articular cartlidge acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction.
• Increases strength of ligaments e.g 5y ligaments at the hip.
• Increases the lubrication of joints, increases the secretion of synovial fluid, increased stability.
• Increases the strength of surronding muscles of a joint e.g rectus femoris/ knee

Question 8

What is weight management?

Answer 8

Weight management is loss of body fat which reduces stress on the joints e.g knee joint.

Question 9

What is Posture and allignment?

Answer 9

Core stability muscles are strengthened, multi fids and transverse abdominals prevent slouching.

Question 10

What does increased muscle temperature lead to?

Answer 10

Increased muscle temperature leads to a decrease in muscle viscosity

Question 11

What does decreased muscle viscosity lead to?

HINT: FOC SOC

Answer 11

A decreased muscle viscosity leads to:

• increased elasticity of muscle fibres
• Increased speed of muscle contractions due to increased speed of nerve transmission to muscle fibres.
• Increased force of muscle contractions.

Question 12

What are the components of a cool down?

Answer 12

The components of a cool down are:

• 5-10 Minutes of low intensity cardiovascular exercise
• Static stretches 6-10 seconds.

Question 13

What are the effects on muscle tissue?

Answer 13

Increased speed of removal of waste products - C02 lactic acid.
Decreased risk of delayed on set muscle soreness (DOMS)

Question 14

What is Concentric muscle contractions?

Answer 14

This is when the muscle shortens and develops tension it causes joint movement (Agonist)

Question 15

What is Eccentric contraction?

Answer 15

This is when the muscle:

• lengthens to develop tension
• it controls movement
• it is the downward/ negative phase
• it resists gravity.

Question 16

What is Isometric contraction?

Answer 16

A isometric contraction is:

• When a muscle produces tension but stays the same length
• The body is fixed in one position.

Question 17

What is Newton’s first law?

Answer 17

Law 1 - INERTIA- A body will remain at rest or uniform velocity until an external force is applied.
Example (Body) will remain on spot until force (external force) kicks it. (Penalty kick in football)

Question 18

What is Newtons second law?

Answer 18

Law 2- ACCELERATION The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the size of the force and the direction the forces is applied.
SIZE The greater the force applied to the ball the faster the ball will accelerate towards the goal.
DIRECTION- If the force applied through the COM (centre of mass) the ball will travel in a straight line (linear motion/direct force) If the force is applied outside the ball will curve( angular motion/eccentric force)

Question 19

What is Newtons third law?

Answer 19

Law 3- ACTION REACTION every action has an equal and opposite reaction.