Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
When is the Embryonic stage?
3-8 weeks after conception
What does a blastocyst develop into?
Embryo
What is the stage before embryo?
Blastocyst
Embryonic stage
Develops from zygote after it implants in the uterine wall
When does the fetal stage of development occur?
9 weeks and lasts until birth
What happens during the fetal stage?
All organs and systems continue to develop and mature
What happens during the embryonic stage
Organ formation begins
Hegars sign
Softening of the isthmus
Goodell sign
Cervical and uterine softening
Length of human gestation
266 days
Menarche
The first menstraul period
Where does fertilization occur?
The fallopian tubes
Hormones the placenta produces
Estrogen and progesterone
Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
What is the corpus luteum?
A temporary endocrine gland that forms in the ovary after ovulation
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
Production of progesterone
Gynecoid pelvis
Most common, round/slightly oval inlet
-wide pubic arch
-ideal shape
Android pelvis
Heart shape
-narrower inlet
Anthropoid pelvis
-oval
-long narrow inlet
Platypelloid pelvis
-flat
-wide shallow inlet
-difficult vaginal delivery
What is progesterone?
Female sex hormone
-hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg
What does progesterone inhibit?
The release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the lutenzing hormone (LH) preventing further ovulation during the same cycle
Parity
Number of pregnancies that have reached 20 weeks or more
Eutocia
Normal uncomplicated childbirth (opposite of dystocia)
Decidua
Thick layer or modified mucous membrane which lines the uterus during pregnancy and is shed with the afterbirth.
What are chorionic villi?
Microscopic finger-like projections that extend from the chorion (outer membranes)
What is the function of the chorionic villi?
Facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide between the moms blood and fetus blood
-produces hormones such as HCG
-Building blocks of the placenta
Structure of the chorionic villi
Stroma
Cytotrophoblast
Syncriotrophoblast
What are the 3 main estrogen types?
Estriol
Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol
One of the three main estrogens
What is the function of estriol?
Estriol is mainly produced by the placenta.
-plays a crucial role in supporting growth and development of the fetus and maintaining a healthy pregnancy.
Estriol levels
-low in non-pregnant women
-increase significantly in pregnancy, peak in third trimester
-During labor, initiatives contractions.
-decline rapidly after birth
Naegele’s rule
Formula used to estimate the EDD
-based on the assumption that a pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstraul period
What is a blastocyst?
Early stage of embryonic development
When does the blastocyst form
5-6 days after fertilization
What are the two main parts of a blastocyst?
Inner cell (ICM)
-a cluster of cells that will develop into the embryo
Trophoblast
-an outer layer of cells that will form the placenta and other support structures for the developing fetus
Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts work or function
What is the Corpus luteum?
A temporary endocrine gland that forms in the ovary after ovulation
What is the function of the corpus luteum
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce progesterone. It is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy early on
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn’t occur?
It degenerates and is absorbed by the ovary
When does the courteous luteum reach peak size
It grows and reaches peak size 8-10 days after ovulation
Trophoblast
-Cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst
-first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg
When is a zygote formed?
When a sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell
Zygote
Single cell organism with genetic info from both parents
Where does the zygote occur
In the fallopian tube
What does the trophoblast do?
Provides nutrients to the embryo
What does the trophoblast develop into
A large part of the placenta
Warning signs of ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal pain at 8 weeks gestation
-low HCG
Salpingectomy
Removal of an ectopic pregnancy and damaged uterine tubes.
Fibroids
-benign uterine masses
-can grow considerably during pregnancy
-pregnancy may be affected by reduced intrauterine space or disrupted placental implantation
-immediate pp may be complicated by hemorrhage
Leep procedure
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure is a minimally invasive gynecological procedure used to remove abnormal cells from the cervix
Can a leep procedure complicate pregnancy
Yes, it can cause problems with pregnancy and labor
-incompetent cervix
-premature labor
Treating cervical scar tissue
Scar tissue can be softened by evening primrose oil and massaged gently on the cervix
Geological surgeries cervical procedures
Cervical procedures used to remive abnormal cells may result in scarring that retards dilation
- Cone biopsy
- Cervical cauterization
- Cryosurgery
Health history: HX of abortion
-suction less traumatic than d&c
-D&c more likely to cause scarring
-emotional effects
-any issues with bleeding or infection
-did she receive rhogam if rh neg
Fatigue
Common in early pregnancy
-elevated hormone levels
-anemia, especially if combined with dizziness or nausea beyond the first trimester
Eutocia
Opposite of dystocia
Normal uncomplicated childbirth
Amnitomy
AROM
Nadir
Opposite of acme
Nadir is the lowest point
Acme
The point of maximum intensity or strength within a single ctx cycle is
Acme
The point of maximum intensity or strength within a single ctx cycle
Effectiveness if symptothermal method
When used correctly has an effective’s rate up to 98%
Symptothermal method
Natural family planning technique
-basal body temp-taken in morning before getting out of bed
-cervical mucous ovservation- changes in consistency and sanity of mucous indicate hormonal fluctuation
-calander method- tracking menstrual cycles to identify patterns and predict ovulation
Normal hematocrit/hemoglobin lab values
Hemoglobin 9.5-15gldL
Hematocrit 28-40%
3x hemoglobin
CBC complete blood count
Normal lab values
White blood cells (WBC) 2.9-11.6
Red blood cells (RBC). 3.9-5.4
Hemoglobin (HGB) 11.7-15.3
Hematocrit (HCT) 35.3 -47.8
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80.1- 97.8
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 24.4 -32.6
CBC complete blood count normal lab values
Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
31-37
Reb blood cell distribution width (RDW) 10.8-14.1
Platelets (PLT) 118-422
Mean platelet volume (mpv) 6.5-13.5
Neutrophils (anc) 15-7.7
Lymphocytes 0.1-2.6
Monocytes 0.1-0.9
Prolactin is secreted by the
Pituitary
What are the (8) parts of the female reproductive tract?
Uterus
2 ovaries
2 fallopian tubes
Cervix
Vagina
External genitalia
Which 2 female steroid hormones is the ovary responsible for making
Estrogen and progesterone
Urobilin
Causes amber color
What colony count per millimeter of urine is significant (bacterial cells)
> 100,000
Specific gravity of urine?
Is it Acidic or basic?
Specific gravity 1010-1030
Acidic (usually)
Ectoderm
Develops into neurotube, central nervous system, pineal body, posterior part of the pituitary gland, cranial and sensory nerves and ganglia. Medulla (inner part) of adrenal gland, pigment cells, cartilages, connective tissue, bulb
