Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Cranium structure and function
Structure:
- facial bones: eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw etc.
- opening at the base of cranium to allow spinal cord to connect to brain
Function:
-it protects the brain from damage
Maxilla structure and function
Structure:
- major bone in face
- part of nasal and oral cavity
Function:
- holds top teeth in place
- supports muscles that are used in mastication and facial expressions
Mandible structure and function
Structure:
- largest and strongest bone in face
- only moveable bone in skull
- attached to muscles
Function:
- involved in mouth movements
- holds bottom teeth in place
Sternum structure and function
Structure:
- Elongated bone on centre of the chest
- found in 4 limbed vertebrates
- adapted for avian to allow flight
Function:
- gives definition and supports the clavicle and ribs
Clavicle (collarbone) structure and function
Structure:
- curved bone of the shoulder girdle
- the furcular (wishbone)is made of 2 clavicle bones fused together
Function:
- links the scapula and the sternum in vertebrates
- holds the shoulder in place to allow weight to be transferred from upper body to head, back and chest
Hyoid structure and function
Structure:
- attached to the base of skull, the mandible, the tongue, the larynx and the scapular belt.
- has a body 2 greater horns and 2 lesser
Differs in place and function differs depending on species
Function:
- Serves as an attachment structure for the tongue and muscles in the floor of the oral cavity
- when swallowing the hyoid bone, tongue and larynx move upwards rapidly
Rib cage structure and function
Structure:
- there are 24 ribs but this can vary by species
- which each descending rib the cage gets a lot more bigger
- the lower part of the ribs (last 5) give freedom to allow for diaphragm movement
Function:
- protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax
- in snakes the ribs provide protection for the whole entire body
Baculum structure and function
Structure:
- isolated bone in the penis
- derived from connective tissue
- found at the distal end of the tissue above the urethra
- it is long, thin and narrow
- it is absent in humans but present in primates
Function:
- it aids sexual reproduction by keeping stiffness during sexual penetration
- allows males to mate for longer periods which help in mating strategies
- varies in size and shape depending on species
Plasma structure and function
Structure:
- Cell/Plasma membrane
- thin semi permeable wall
- separates cell contents and surroundings
- acts as a barrier to block certain ions and molecules from entering and exiting the cell
Function:
- Prevents blood clots
- Provides immunity
- helps keep healthy blood pressure and volume
- Plasma proteins maintain body’s ph balance
- carry electrolytes (potassium and sodium) to the muscles
- Transports nutrients like glucose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins around the body
- carries oxygen to organs and co2 back to lungs
- transports hormones to dedicated organs
Erythrocytes structure and function
Structure:
- red due to haemoglobin inside them which allows them to carry oxygen
- microscopic, Biconcave disc, no nucleus to allow them to carry more
- develop in bone marrow
Function:
- carry nutrients to muscles
- carry oxygen to rest of the body from lungs
Leukocytes structure and function
Structure:
- they are colourless, have a distinct membrane (nucleus), microscopic
- flexible cell membranes and can form extensions called pseudopodia to aid engulfing of pathogens
5 Different types of leukocytes
- Neutrophils: kill bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris
- Lymphocytes: consist of T cells, Natural killer cells and B cells to protect and make antibodies
- Eosinophils: identify and destroy parasites, cancer cells and assist the basophils with allergic responses
- Monocytes: clean up damaged cells
- Basophils: produce an allergic reaction (coughing and sneezing)
Function:
- help fight infection and part of immune system
- circulate in tissues and bloodstream to respond to injury or illness
- attack unknown organisms that enter the body
- produce antibodies to attach and destroy the organisms
Thrombocytes structure and function
Structure:
- smallest blood cell
- shaped like a plate in non active form (not being used to stop blood loss)
- receive signal from damaged vessel and this activates the platelets into their “octopus” form
- they gain tentacles in active form to attach to the broken vessels
Function:
- helps to stop and control bleeding
- essential for survival during surgeries and injuries
- if an animal lacks thrombocytes in the blood it can be fatal
Arteries structure and function
Structure:
- under high pressure due to blood flow
- very small lumen
- thick outer walls
Function:
- carries oxygenated blood to body cells
- pulmonary artery carry’s only unoxygenated blood
Vein structure and function
Structure:
- low blood pressure
- valves to prevent backflow
- large lumen
- thin outer walls
Function:
- carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart.
Pulmonary vein take oxygenated blood
Capillaries structure and function
Structure:
- one cell wall thick to allow for diffusion
- form a dense network to bathe body tissue
Function:
- oxygen and dissolved foods diffuse into cells from blood
Carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse out of the blood
Bronchi Structure and function
Structure:
- has cartilage rings
- trunk of the tree
