Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Endocrine Glands
- produces hormones
- hormones enter blood stream directly
Exocrine Glands
- does not produce hormones
- produces substance that goes onto a body surface
What 4 types of hormones does the hypothalamus release?
- releasing hormones
- inhibiting hormones
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
- Oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary Gland
7 hormones
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Prolactin
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Melanocyte
Posterior Pituitary Gland
2 hormones released
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Growth Hormone
- growth of the body
- insulin regulation
- regulation of metabolism
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- thyroid gland growth
- thyroid hormone release
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- Female: stimulates follicles of ovaries
- Male: stimulates testis for sperm production
Luteinizing Hormone
- causes follicle to rupture and expel the egg from the ovary
- starts the production of progesterone
Prolactin
- stimulates the production of milk in mammary tissue
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH
- adrenal glands
- signal to adrenal glands to produce hormones
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
MSH
- cells that contain dark pigment
- irideophores: color changing cells in reptiles
Pineal Gland
What does it do?
What does it produce?
- responds to light
- sleep/wake cycle
- produciton of melatonin
- production of serotonin
Thyroid Gland
What does it control?
- body heat
- body energy
- heart rate
- parts of the nervous system
What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
- Thyroixine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
Parathyroid Gland
Chief Cells
Parafollicular Cells
- Chief Cells: produce parathyroid hormone to keep Ca levels from getting low
- Parafollicular Cells: produces calcitonin to prevent calcium levels from getting high
Hypercalcemia
What could it indicate?
- osteoporosis
- low vitamin D
- lymphoma
- pituitary gland tumors
- anal sac tumors
Pancreas
Functions
- digestive functions (99%)
- endocrine function (1-2%)
Cells of the Pancreas
Make up the Islets of Langerhans (4)
- alpha
- beta
- delta
- f- cells
Alpha Cells
Pancreas
- produces glucagon
- glucagon maintains blood glucose levels
Beta Cells
Pancreas
- produces insulin
Delta Cells
Pancreas
- produces somatostatin
- tells alpha and beta cells to stop producing their hormones
F Cells
Pancreas
- somatostatin inhibitor
- stops somatostatin production of the delta cells
Adrenal Gland Structures
- Adrenal Cortex
- Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Gland Hormones
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
- Z. Glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids and aldosterone
- Z. Fasciculata: glucocorticoids, cortisol, hydrocortisone
- Z. Reticularis: androgen: estrogen and testosterone
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
Adrenal Gland Diseases
- Cushings
- Adisons
Cushings
- overproduction of steriods in the body
- can cause hyperpigmentation and lateal hair loss
Adisons
- not enough steriods are being produced in the body
- rapid, sudden onset
- stops eating, not urinating
- potassium levels are too high
Thymus Gland
located caudal to thyoid
produces T-lymphocytes or T-cells
Prostoglandins
PG-E
PG-F2-alpha
- PG-E: helps stimulate inflammatory process
- PG-F2-alpha: given to cattle to sync estrus cycles by lowering progesterone
