Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
name 4 types of bones
1) long bones
2) short bones
3) irregular bones
4) flat bones
name the functions of the skeletal system
1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) blood cell production
5) mineral storage
give 2 examples of flat bone
cranium
sternum
gives 2 examples of short types of bone
carpals
tarsals
give 2 types of long bones
femur
humerus
give an example of an irregular bones
pelvis
name the 8 types of joint movement
1) flexion
2) extension
3) adduction
4) abduction
5) rotation
6) circumduction
7) plantar flexion
8) dorsi flexion
3 types of joint
1) ball and socket
2) synovial joints
3) hinge joints
example of ball and socket joints
hip and shoulder
example of hinge joints
knee
ankle
elbow
name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
name the types of movement that occurs at a hinge joint
flexion and extension
name the types of movement that occur at a pivot joint
rotation
what do ligaments attach
bone to bone
what do tendons attach
muscle to bone
features of a synovial joint
ligaments - hold the joint together
cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface
synovial membrane - releases synovial fluid to lubricate joint
bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones
give a sporting type of movement for flexion
hamstrings at the knee
brining foot back before kicking a ball
give a sporting example of movement for extension
triceps at the elbow
forehead in badminton
give a sporting example of plantar-flexion
gastrocnemius at the ankle
standing on the toes in ballet pointe work
give a sporting example of dorsi-flexion
at the ankle
heel side turns in snowboarding
give a sporting example of adduction
butterfly stroke
give a sporting example of adduction
pushing forward when running
what are antagonistic muscles
Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist)
name the agonistic pair in the knee
flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist
extension - vice versa
name the agonistic pair in the elbow
flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist
extension - vice versa
name the antagonistic pair in the hip
flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist
extension - vice versa
name the antagonistic pair in the ankle
plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist
dorsi-flexion - vice versa
name 4 types of muscle contraction
isometric
isotonic
concentric
eccentric
what is isometric contraction
muscle stays same length
what is isotonic contraction
muscle changes length
what is concentric contraction
muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.
what is eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl
name the 2 types pf heart circuits
pulmonary and systemic
what is tidal volume
The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise.
what is vital capacity
The most air you could possible breathe in after breathing out the largest volume of air you can.
what is spirometer
measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs
what is aerobic exercise
activity with oxygen
equation for aerobic exercise
glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy
what is anaerobic exercise
activity without oxygen
what is the equation for anaerobic exercise
glucose - lactic acid + energy
what are the short term effects of exercise in the muscular system
- release of extra energy generates heat which makes you hot
- lactic acid causes muscle pain
- EPOC
- ## periods of rest are needed
what are the short term effects of exercise in the respiratory system
- pectorals expand the lungs to allow extra air
- muscles in abdomen pull ribcage down so you can breathe faster
what are the short term of effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system
- heart rate increases
- stroke volume increases
- cardiac output increases
- blood pressure increases = increased blood and oxygen supply.
what are articulating bones
where are two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint
what is eccentric contraction
lengthening of the muscle
what is concentric contraction
shortening of the muscle
