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Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A

Support/shape
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production
Mineral storage

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2
Q

How does the skeletal system provide movement

A

Muscles attach to bones by tendons and can move bones at a joint
There are different types of joints (hinge, ball and socket) which allow different types of movement.

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3
Q

How does the skeleton provide protection

A

Bones are very tough and protect vital organs like the brain, lungs, heart.
This means we can perform well in sports without fear of a serious injury

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4
Q

What are the tree types of bones in the body what do they allow

A

Short bones (talus, bones in hands) - these allow small finer movements, they are also weight bearing e.g the talus at the ankle supports the weight of our body.
Long bones (humerus, femur, fibula,tibia) - allow large gross movement, they are also used as lever arms ad are very strong.
Flat bones (cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula,pelvis) - protect internal organs and their broad surface also allows muscle attachment.

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5
Q

Name the bones in the body

A

Cranium
Vertebral column
Scapula
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Ribs
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Talus

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6
Q

What is Flexion
Example

A

Closing a joint
Bending the elbow before throwing a netball

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7
Q

What is extension
Example

A

Opening a joint
Kicking a football

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8
Q

what is adduction
Example

A

Moving a limb towards the bodies midline
Swinging a cricket bat

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9
Q

What is abduction
Example

A

Moving a limb away from the bodies midline
Taking a badminton racket back before hitting the shuttle

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10
Q

What is rotation
Example

A

Clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of a limb
Shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis

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11
Q

What is circumduction
Example

A

Movement of a limb in a circular motion
Bowling a cricket ball over arm

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12
Q

What is plantar flexion
Example

A

Extension at the ankle, pointing foot towards the floor
Pointing toes in dance/ gymnastics

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13
Q

What is dorsiflexion
Example

A

Flexion at the ankle/ flexing your foot
Lifting toes in dance

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14
Q

What is the role of ligaments

A

Connects bone to bone and restricts how much joint can move. This allows stability and prevents dislocation

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15
Q

What is the role of tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones to allows bones to move when a muscle contracts

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16
Q

What is the role of cartilage

A

Acts as a cushion between two bones to prevent damage during movement. It also aids the stability of a joint.
Can also absorbs shock

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17
Q

Name the different parts of a synovial joint and what they do

A

Ligaments - holds bones together
Cartilage - covers ends bones to allow smooth movement and absorb shock
Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - lubricates joint allowing it to move easily
Bursae - sacs of fluid which reduces friction between bones and tissues

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18
Q

Name the muscles and movement they allow

A

Bicep - flexion at elbow
Tricep - extension at elbow
Pectorals - adduction and flexion at the shoulder
Hip flexors - flexion of the leg at the hip
Gluteals - extension, rotation, abduction of the leg at the hip
Deltoid - flexion,extension, abduction, circumduction at shoulder
Latissimus dorsi - extension, adduction, rotation at shoulder
Tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion at ankle
Rotator cuffs - rotation, abduction at shoulder
Abdominals - flexion at waist
Gastrocnemius - plantar flexion at the ankle
Quadriceps - extension at knee
Hamstring - flexion at the knee

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19
Q

What muscle pair works at the knee during flexion and extension

A

Flexion - Agonist - hamstring
Antagonist - quadriceps

Extension - Agonist - quadriceps
Antagonist - hamstring

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20
Q

What muscles pair works at the elbow during flexion at extension

A

Flexion - Agonist - bicep
Antagonist - tricep

Extension - Agonist - tricep
Antagonist - bicep

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21
Q

What muscle pair works at the hip during flexion and extension

A

Flexion - Agonist - hip flexors
Antagonist - gluteals

Extension - Agonist - gluteals
Antagonist - hip flexors

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22
Q

What muscle pair works at the ankle during plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

A

Plantar flexion - Agonist - gastrocnemius
Antagonist - tibialis anterior

Dorsiflexion - Agonist - tibialis anterior
Antagonist - gastrocnemius

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23
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

When the muscles contract but stay the same length so there is no movement

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24
Q

What is isotonic contraction
What are the two types

A

When the muscles contract and change length to allow movement
Eccentric and concentric

25
What is isotonic concentric contraction Give an example
When a muscle contracts and shortens During the upwards phase of a bicep curl
26
What is isotonic eccentric contraction Give an example
When a muscle contracts and lengthens The downward phase of a bicep curl
27
What is the cardiovascular system
Helps transport things around the body in the bloodstream like oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose.
28
What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system
Heart, blood and blood vessels
29
Describe the pathway of blood
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava as the heart relaxes The right atrium then contracts which forces the blood through the valve into the right ventricle The right ventricle then contracts pushing the blood out of the heart through the pulmonary artery The blood then goes to the lungs where gas exchange takes place The blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium The left atrium then contracts and pushes the blood through the valve into the left ventricle The left ventricle then contracts and forces the blood out of the heart through the aorta The blood then goes round the body to the working muscles and organs that need it.
30
What does diastole and systole mean
Diastole - when the heart relaxes and fills with blood Systole - when the heart contracts an pumps the blood out
31
What is one cardiac cycle
A phase of one diastole and one systole Or one heartbeat
32
Hw are the arteries adapted for their function
Thick, muscular walls allow them to withstand the blood they need to carry at a high pressure
33
How are the veins adapted for their function
They carry blood at a lower pressure so they have thin walls and less muscle. They also have a larger lumen than arteries
34
How are capillaries adapted for their function
They have thin walls which allows substances to pass through them easily, they have a large surface area which means gas exchange can happen easily and quicker
35
What is produced when haemoglobin binds with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
36
What is the pathway of air
Mouth/nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
37
What happens to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, rib cage and air pressure when you breathe in
When you breathe in your diaphragm contracts and flattens, your intercostal muscles contract pushing the rib cage up and out to expand the chest cavity which decreases the air pressure in the lungs allowing air to flow in
38
What happens to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, rib cage and air pressure when you exhale
When you breathe out your diaphragm relaxes moving back to a dome shape, your intercostal muscles relax moving the rib cage in and down making the chest cavity smaller, air pressure in lungs then increase which forces the air out of the lungs.
39
Describe gas exchange
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the lungs to be oxygenated There is a low concentration of oxygen in the blood stream so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream There is a low concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli so the carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be breathed out.
40
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange
Surrounded by lots of capillaries giving them a good blood supply Large surface area Thin, moist walls so gases have a shot diffusion path
41
What is tidal volume What happens to it during exercise
The amount of air you breathe in or out in one breath This increase during exercise as you take deeper breaths
42
What is your inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of extra air you breathe in
43
What is your expiratory reserve volume
The amount of extra air you breathe out
44
What is your residual volume
The amount of air left in your lungs after maximal expiration
45
What is aerobic respiration
When your body releases energy from glucose using oxygen
46
aerobic equation
Oxygen + glucose —> water + carbon dioxide + energy
47
What is aerobic exercise What does it mean
Exercise with oxygen meaning th exercise you are doing isn’t to fast and is at a steady pace which means the heart can supply all the oxygen to the muscles that need it
48
What is anaerobic respiration
When you release energy without using oxygen
49
Anaerobic equation
Glucose —> energy + lactic acid
50
What is anaerobic exercise What does it mean
Exercise in the absence of oxygen This means the exercise you are doing is at a high intensity for a short period of time meaning the heart and lungs can’t supply oxygen to the muscles as fast as they need it
51
What is EPOC and why does it happen
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption This happens when their is a build up of lactic cid around your muscles produced during anaerobic exercise. the amount of oxygen needed to remove this and recover is called oxygen or EPOC
52
What affects could you have a day after extreme exercise
Tired Sick or light headed DOMS (delayed onset muscles soreness) or muscle cramps
53
How to calculate cardiac output
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
54
What is your stroke volume
The mount of blood each ventricle pumps out with each contraction
55
What is vasodilation
When blood vessels widen to let in more blood
56
What is vasoconstriction
When your blood vessels narrow to restrict the amount of blood flow
57
What is muscle hypertrophy
Regular exercise leads to thicker muscles This thickening is known as hypertrophy and can happen to all your muscles The thicker a muscle is the stronger it can contract meaning your strength increases Hypertrophy can also improve muscular endurance because with stronger muscles you will be able to exercise for longer
58
How does exercise lead to a stronger heart What does a stronger heart mean
As you exercise your heart adapts and get bigger and stronger A bigger stronger heart will contract strongly and pump more blood in one beat so your resting stroke volume will increase A larger stroke volume means your heart will beat less often to pump the same amount of blood around your body. This is known as bradycardia.

PE (4 decks)

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