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PE > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ligament

A

Slightly elastic connective tissue
Connects bone to bone

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2
Q

What is synovial fluid

A

Lubricating fluid within joint
Reduces friction

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3
Q

What is articulating cartilage

A

Smooth tissue which covers articulating bones
Absorbs shock allows friction free movement

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4
Q

What is joint capsule

A

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
Encloses and strengthens joint

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5
Q

What is a bursa

A

Fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones
Reduces friction between tendons and bones

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6
Q

What is the Sagittal plane

A

Divides body from left to right
Flexion and extension

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7
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides body from the front to back
Abduction and adduction

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8
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

Divides body from upper and lower
Horizontal extension and flexion

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9
Q

What are the five joints and examples

A

Hinge - elbow
Ball and socket - hip
Pivot - neck
Condyloid - wrist
Gliding - spine

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10
Q

What do tendons do

A

Attach muscle to bone

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11
Q

What is an agonist

A

Muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

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12
Q

What is a antagonist

A

Opposes the agonist providing resistance for co-ordination for movement

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13
Q

What is the fixator

A

Stabilises whilst the body part moves

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14
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

When a muscle changes during contraction

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15
Q

What is concentric muscle contractions

A

Muscle contraction which shortened whilst producing tension

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16
Q

What is Eccentric muscle contractions

A

Muscles contraction which lengthens whilst producing tension

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17
Q

What is isometric muscle contractions

A

Muscle contract but doesn’t change in length

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18
Q

Explain the motor unit path

A

Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of motor neuron by action potential to synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct impulse
If threshold is met muscle fibres will contact
All or none law

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19
Q

What is venous return

A

Return of blood to the right atria

20
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

21
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

22
Q

What is diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the cardiac muscle

23
Q

What is systole

A

The contraction phase of the cardiac muscle

24
Q

What does myogenic mean

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulse

25
Q

SA Node

A

Generates electrical impulse

26
Q

AV Node

A

Collect impulse and delays for 0.1 sec. Then releases to bundle of His

27
Q

Bundle of His

A

Splits impulse into two so they can go to separate ventricles

28
Q

Bundle Branches

A

Carries impulse to base of ventricle

29
Q

Purkyne fibers

A

Distribute through walls causing contractions

30
Q

Example of slow oxidative muscle fibre type

A

Marathon runner

31
Q

Example of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fiver types

A

800m runner

32
Q

Example of fast glycolytic muscle fiber types

A

100m runner

33
Q

Blood pathway in the heart

A

Blood into right atria and then through valves to right ventricle
Out the pulmonary artery to the lungs
Back through the pulmonary vein into the left atria and through the valves to the left ventricle
Out the aorta to the rest of the body

34
Q

Calculation for Heart rate

A

220-age

35
Q

What is Starlings law

A

Increased venous return leads to an increase stoke volume, due to an increase stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

36
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Detects chemical changes in the blood stream eg lactic acid

37
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Detect movement in the body found in muscles, tendons and joints

38
Q

What are Baroreceptors

A

Detect an increase in blood pressure

39
Q

What are types of Intrinsic control

A

Temperature - changes will affect viscosity (thickness) of the blood
Venous return - changes will affect the stretch in the ventricle walls

40
Q

What is Hormonal control

A

Adrenaline - released from the adrenal gland increase force of ventricular contractions and increasing speed of electrical activity in the heart

41
Q

What is the CCC

A

Control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for heart rate regulation

42
Q

What is sympathetic nervous system

A

Path of the auto nervous system responsible for increasing heart rate (during exercise)

43
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the auto nervous system responsible for drafting heath rate (after exercise / recovery phase)

44
Q

Vasodilate

A

Widening of the artery

45
Q

Vasoconstrict

A

Narrowing of the artery

46
Q

Blood percentages

A

45% cells
55% plasma

47
Q

What does blood do

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients to the body and to fight diseases

PE (3 decks)

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