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Emergency Medical Services > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Position where a person stands upright, with palms facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body

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2
Q

Sagittal Plane

Also known as midline plane

A

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into left and right side

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3
Q

Lateral

A

Objects go away from the midline

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4
Q

Medial

A

Objects move towards the midline

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5
Q

Midaxillary line/frontal plane

A

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into front and back portions

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6
Q

Anterior

A

Objects are on the front portion of the body

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7
Q

Posterior

A

Objects are on the back portion of the body

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8
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the front of the torso

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back of the torso

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10
Q

Transverse plane

A

Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into top and bottom portions

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11
Q

Superior

A

Above or up

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Down or toward the bottom

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13
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the torso

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14
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the torso

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15
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint

bending

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16
Q

Extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

Straightening

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17
Q

Adduction

A

Moving limb toward midline

You “add” to the body

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18
Q

Abduction

A

Moving limb away from the midline

An abduction takes someone away from someone/something

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19
Q

The skull

A

Cap of bone that protects the brain - made up of different sections of the skull

Also known as the cranium

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20
Q

Where is the frontal bone located?

A

Where the forehead is

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21
Q

Where are the parietal bones located?

A

On both sides of the head, above the ears, towards the back of the head where they meet the occipital bone

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22
Q

Where is the Occipital lobe located?

A

The posterior part of the head, protects the cerebellum region of the brain

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23
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located

A

superior to the ear, on both sides of the head

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24
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone located?

A

Posterior to the orbital socket

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25
Q

What are the sutures on the skull?

A

Fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull together

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26
Q

What are the fontanelles? Where are they located? Which patient population would you expect to find them in?

A

Fontanelles are located in the anterior and posterior of the skull where the sutures have not fully closed yet. They typically close by 18 months of age

Pediatric patients

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27
Q

Which bones make up the facial bones?

A
  • orbit (eye socket)
  • nasal bone
  • maxilla (fused upper jaw)
  • mandible (lower jaw)
  • zygomatic bones (cheeks)
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28
Q

What are the sections of the Spinal Column? How many vertebrae are in each section?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccyx: 6

7, 12, 5, 5, 6 - Sing it!

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29
Q

Cervical section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)

A

Neck
Has seven vertebrae
Is one of the most vulnerable portions of the spine

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30
Q

Thoracic section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)

A

Chest
12 vertebrae

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31
Q

Lumbar section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)

A

Low back
5 vertebrae
Holds a lot of the body’s load pressure - pain is common here

32
Q

Sacral section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)

A

Pelvis (located within the pelvic cavity)
Set of 5 fused vertebrae

33
Q

Coccyx section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)

A

Tailbone
4 fused vertebrae
Suspectable to trauma

34
Q

What is the space between the ribs?

A

The intercoastal space

35
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium - superior portion
Middle body
Xiphoid process - inferior tip

36
Q

Where is the pelvis located?

A

The inferior portion of the abdominal cavity

37
Q

Major bones of the pelvis

A

Iliac crests: the wing sections of the pelvis
Pubis: the anterior portion of the pelvic bone .
**Ischium: ** the inferior portion of the pelvis

38
Q

The Clavicle is also known as the

A

collarbone

39
Q

The Scapula is also known as the

A

shoulder blade

40
Q

The Humerus is also known as the

A

superior bone of the arm

41
Q

The Radius is also known as the

A

lateral bone of the forearm

(the landmark is here for a radial pulse)

42
Q

The Ulna is also known as the

A

medial bone of the forearm

(this is thumb side of the lower arm)

43
Q

What are the Carpals?

A

collective name of eight tiny bones that make up the wrist

44
Q

What are the Metacarpals and Phalanges?

A

Metacarpals: collective name for the five bones of the hand . Phalanges: finger bones

45
Q

What is the Femur?

A

the thighbone

46
Q

What is the Patella?

A

The kneecap

47
Q

What is the tibia?

A

medial bone of the lower leg

48
Q

What is the Fibula?

A

lateral bone of the lower leg

49
Q

What is the Malleolus?

A

ankle bones on both medial and lateral sides

50
Q

What are the tarsals and metatarsals?

A

12 bones that make up the foot

51
Q

What is the Calcaneous?

A

Heel of the foot

52
Q

What are the Phalanges?

A

Toe bones

53
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where more than two bones connect

54
Q

What are the basic joint types?

A

Ball and Socket (Hip and shoulder)
Hinge (Elbow and knee)

55
Q

What are the two special fibrous connections that facilitate movement at the joint?

A

Tendons and ligaments

56
Q

Connects bone to bone

A

Ligaments

57
Q

Connects bones to muscles

A

Tendons

58
Q

What are the three different types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

59
Q

Which muscle type is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

60
Q

The inferior portion of the pharnyx

A

The epiglottis

Valve closes over the trachea while swallowing

61
Q

What connects the pharynx to the bronchi?

A

The trachea

62
Q

Where do the bronchi split into two?

A

The carina

63
Q

Negative pressure

A

Created when the diapragm moves downward and allows the lungs to expand, which pulls in oxygen-rich air

64
Q

Positive pressure

A

Created when the diapragm relaxes and allows the lungs to contract, which forces carbon dioxide out

65
Q

Gas exchange

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the alveoli through the walls of the capillaries

66
Q

What is the main job of the right side of the heart?

A

pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

67
Q

What is the main job of the left side of the heart?

A

Pump blood to the body

68
Q

In what order does blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Oxygen-poor blood enters the **right atrium through both the superior and inferior vena cava. **
  2. As the atrium contracts, blood then flows downward through the open** tricuspid valve**, which empties into the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle then contracts and pushes the blood through the pulmonic valve, which leads to the pulmonary arteries.
  4. The pulmonary arteries allow the blood to enter into either the left or right lung where gas exchange takes place at the capillary level of the alveoli.
  5. Oxygen-rich blood is now returned through the pulmonary veins, which enter into the left atrium.
  6. The left atrium contracts and squeezes blood downward through the open mitral valve, which empties into the** left ventricle**.
  7. The left ventricle will then contract and send blood upward through the aortic valve into the aorta.
  8. The** aorta **will then deliver blood to the rest of the body.
69
Q

Automaticity

A

cell’s ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse

70
Q

Excitability

A

cell’s ability to respond to an electrical impulse

71
Q

Conductivity

A

cell’s ability to transmit the electrical impulse to another cardiac cell

72
Q

Contractility

A

cell’s ability of muscle to contract after an electrical impulse is received

73
Q

Rhythmicity

A

cell’s ability to send selectrial impulses in a regularly and evenly paced manner

74
Q

Refractoriness

A

cell’s inability to respond to another electrical impulse

75
Q

Electrical pathway of the heart

A

Emergency Medical Services (4 decks)

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