Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Position where a person stands upright, with palms facing forward and thumbs facing away from the body
Sagittal Plane
Also known as midline plane
Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into left and right side
Lateral
Objects go away from the midline
Medial
Objects move towards the midline
Midaxillary line/frontal plane
Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into front and back portions
Anterior
Objects are on the front portion of the body
Posterior
Objects are on the back portion of the body
Ventral
Towards the front of the torso
Dorsal
Toward the back of the torso
Transverse plane
Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into top and bottom portions
Superior
Above or up
Inferior
Down or toward the bottom
Proximal
Closer to the torso
Distal
Farther from the torso
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint
bending
Extension
increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
Straightening
Adduction
Moving limb toward midline
You “add” to the body
Abduction
Moving limb away from the midline
An abduction takes someone away from someone/something
The skull
Cap of bone that protects the brain - made up of different sections of the skull
Also known as the cranium
Where is the frontal bone located?
Where the forehead is
Where are the parietal bones located?
On both sides of the head, above the ears, towards the back of the head where they meet the occipital bone
Where is the Occipital lobe located?
The posterior part of the head, protects the cerebellum region of the brain
Where is the temporal lobe located
superior to the ear, on both sides of the head
Where is the sphenoid bone located?
Posterior to the orbital socket
What are the sutures on the skull?
Fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull together
What are the fontanelles? Where are they located? Which patient population would you expect to find them in?
Fontanelles are located in the anterior and posterior of the skull where the sutures have not fully closed yet. They typically close by 18 months of age
Pediatric patients
Which bones make up the facial bones?
- orbit (eye socket)
- nasal bone
- maxilla (fused upper jaw)
- mandible (lower jaw)
- zygomatic bones (cheeks)
What are the sections of the Spinal Column? How many vertebrae are in each section?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccyx: 6
7, 12, 5, 5, 6 - Sing it!
Cervical section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)
Neck
Has seven vertebrae
Is one of the most vulnerable portions of the spine
Thoracic section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
Chest
12 vertebrae
Lumbar section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)
Low back
5 vertebrae
Holds a lot of the body’s load pressure - pain is common here
Sacral section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)
Pelvis (located within the pelvic cavity)
Set of 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx section of the spinal column
(AKA)
(Number of vertebrae)
(Vulnerabilities)
Tailbone
4 fused vertebrae
Suspectable to trauma
What is the space between the ribs?
The intercoastal space
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium - superior portion
Middle body
Xiphoid process - inferior tip
Where is the pelvis located?
The inferior portion of the abdominal cavity
Major bones of the pelvis
Iliac crests: the wing sections of the pelvis
Pubis: the anterior portion of the pelvic bone .
**Ischium: ** the inferior portion of the pelvis
The Clavicle is also known as the
collarbone
The Scapula is also known as the
shoulder blade
The Humerus is also known as the
superior bone of the arm
The Radius is also known as the
lateral bone of the forearm
(the landmark is here for a radial pulse)
The Ulna is also known as the
medial bone of the forearm
(this is thumb side of the lower arm)
What are the Carpals?
collective name of eight tiny bones that make up the wrist
What are the Metacarpals and Phalanges?
Metacarpals: collective name for the five bones of the hand . Phalanges: finger bones
What is the Femur?
the thighbone
What is the Patella?
The kneecap
What is the tibia?
medial bone of the lower leg
What is the Fibula?
lateral bone of the lower leg
What is the Malleolus?
ankle bones on both medial and lateral sides
What are the tarsals and metatarsals?
12 bones that make up the foot
What is the Calcaneous?
Heel of the foot
What are the Phalanges?
Toe bones
What is a joint?
Where more than two bones connect
What are the basic joint types?
Ball and Socket (Hip and shoulder)
Hinge (Elbow and knee)
What are the two special fibrous connections that facilitate movement at the joint?
Tendons and ligaments
Connects bone to bone
Ligaments
Connects bones to muscles
Tendons
What are the three different types of muscle?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Which muscle type is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
The inferior portion of the pharnyx
The epiglottis
Valve closes over the trachea while swallowing
What connects the pharynx to the bronchi?
The trachea
Where do the bronchi split into two?
The carina
Negative pressure
Created when the diapragm moves downward and allows the lungs to expand, which pulls in oxygen-rich air
Positive pressure
Created when the diapragm relaxes and allows the lungs to contract, which forces carbon dioxide out
Gas exchange
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the alveoli through the walls of the capillaries
What is the main job of the right side of the heart?
pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
What is the main job of the left side of the heart?
Pump blood to the body
In what order does blood flow through the heart
- Oxygen-poor blood enters the **right atrium through both the superior and inferior vena cava. **
- As the atrium contracts, blood then flows downward through the open** tricuspid valve**, which empties into the right ventricle.
- The right ventricle then contracts and pushes the blood through the pulmonic valve, which leads to the pulmonary arteries.
- The pulmonary arteries allow the blood to enter into either the left or right lung where gas exchange takes place at the capillary level of the alveoli.
- Oxygen-rich blood is now returned through the pulmonary veins, which enter into the left atrium.
- The left atrium contracts and squeezes blood downward through the open mitral valve, which empties into the** left ventricle**.
- The left ventricle will then contract and send blood upward through the aortic valve into the aorta.
- The** aorta **will then deliver blood to the rest of the body.
Automaticity
cell’s ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse
Excitability
cell’s ability to respond to an electrical impulse
Conductivity
cell’s ability to transmit the electrical impulse to another cardiac cell
Contractility
cell’s ability of muscle to contract after an electrical impulse is received
Rhythmicity
cell’s ability to send selectrial impulses in a regularly and evenly paced manner
Refractoriness
cell’s inability to respond to another electrical impulse
Electrical pathway of the heart