ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

The passageways b/w the ambient environment and the gas exchange units of the lungs

Answer 1

Conducting airways

Question 2

the Conducting airways is divided into?

Answer 2

Upper and Lower RS

Question 3

The upper airways include the what structures?(MAIN 4 structures)

Answer 3

Nose, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

Question 4

• Filters, humidifies, and conditions inspired air
• Site for olfaction
• Generate resonance in phonation

Answer 4

Nose

Question 5

other term for nostril

Answer 5

nares

Question 6

other term for hair follicles

Answer 6

vibrissae

Question 7

• Separate inspired gas into several different airstreams w/c increases the contact area b/w inspired air and the warm, moist surface of the nasal mucosa.

Answer 7

Turbinates aka conchae

Question 8

3 parts of turbinates

Answer 8

superior, middle, inferior conchae

Question 9

When warm air is cold, the vascular system becomes engorged with ________ and warms the air.

Answer 9

blood

Question 10

widening of the nostrils during periods of respiratory difficulty

Answer 10

nasal flaring

Question 11

• associated with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, pneumonia, acute asthma, any airway obstruction

Answer 11

nasal flaring

Question 12

reverse of nasal flaring.* associated with nasal obstruction
* Causes the person to be an obligate mouth breather

Answer 12

alar collapse

Question 13

Name the 4 Paranasal SInuses

Answer 13

Frontal , Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid

Question 14

• These produce mucus for the nasal cavity and act as resonating chambers for the production of sound.

Answer 14

Paranasal SInuses

Question 15

Name the 3 regions of Pharynx

Answer 15

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Question 16

• A vestibule opening into the trachea from the pharynx
• Acts as a passageway of air b/w pharynx and trachea
• Protects against aspiration
• Generates sound for speech

Answer 16

Larynx

Question 17

• Consists of a framework of 9 cartilages

Answer 17

Larynx

Question 18

what are the single cartilages of larynx?

Answer 18

Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis

Question 19

What are the paired cartilages of larynx?

Answer 19

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

Question 20

most important because they influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for speech)

Answer 20

Arytenoid

Question 21

• Consists of a series of branching airways (generations) w/c become progressively narrower, shorter, and more numerous

Answer 21

Tracheobronchial Tree

Question 22

Form of TBT which conducts air

Answer 22

Cartilaginous Airways

Question 23

Form of TBT which is a site for gas exchange

Answer 23

non cartilaginous Airways

Question 24

3 LAYERS OF TBT

Answer 24

• Epithelial lining
• Lamina propria
• Cartilaginous layer

Question 25

* Epithelial lining of TBT is Predominantly composed of ____________ (extends from trachea to the respiratory bronchioles)

Answer 25

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 26

__________ progressively disappear and are completely absent in the respiratory bronchioles

Answer 26

Cilia

Question 27

* Covered by a mucous layer (mucous blanket)

Answer 27

Epithelial Lining

Question 28

2 layers of layer mucous blanket

Answer 28

sol layer and gel layer

Question 29

* Submucosal layer of the TBT

Answer 29

Lamina Propria

Question 30

contains in TBT layer: *Blood vessels *Lymphatic vessels *Vagus nerve branches *Smooth muscle fibers

Answer 30

Lamina Propria

Question 31

What are the structures associated in the cartilaginous layer of TBT?

Answer 31

* Trachea * Main stem bronchi * Lobar bronchi * Segmental bronchi * Subsegmental bronchi

Question 32

* Most gas exchange takes place at the ______________

Answer 32

alveolar-capillary membrane

Question 33

* Approx _____ million alveoli b/w ____ to _____ µm in diameter

Answer 33

A. 300 B. 75 to 300

Question 34

* ______ to ____ is covered by pulmonary capillaries

Answer 34

85% to 95%

Question 35

* Aka acinus, terminal respiratory unit, lung parenchyma, or functional unit

Answer 35

Primary Lobule

Question 36

* About ____ µm in diameter and contains about 2000 alveoli

Answer 36

3.5

Question 37

* Composed of: * Type I cell aka squamous pneumocyte * Type II cell aka granular pneumocyte * Type III cell aka alveolar macrophage

Answer 37

alveolar epithelium

Question 38

aka squamous pneumocyte

Answer 38

TYPE 1 CELL

Question 39

aka granular pneumocyte

Answer 39

TYPE 2 CELL

Question 40

aka Alveolar Macrophage

Answer 40

Type 3 cell

Question 41

* Broad, thin cells, form about 95% of the alveolar surface * Major sites of alveolar gas exchange * When they die, they are replaced by type II cells that convert to type I cells

Answer 41

Type 1 cell

Question 42

* Form the remaining 5% of the alveolar surface * Have microvilli * Cuboidal in shape * Primary source of pulmonary surfactant

Answer 42

Type 2 cell

Question 43

* prevents alveolar atelectasis by reduction of the alveolar surface tension * prevents the formation of intra-alveolar edema * have important immunomodulatory functions in the innate host defense system

Answer 43

Surfactant

Question 44

* Remove bacteria and other foreign particles that are deposited within the acini * Embedded in the extracellular lining of the alveolar surface * Originate in the bone marrow but can reproduce within the lungs

Answer 44

Type 3

Question 45

* Small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa * 3 to 13 µm in diameter * Permit gas to move between adjacent alveoli * # increase progressively with age

Answer 45

Pores of Kohn

Question 46

* Area b/w the alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary capillary endothelium * The area where most gas exchange occurs

Answer 46

Tight space of Pulmonary Interstitium

Question 47

* Area that surrounds the bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Answer 47

Loose space of Pulmonary Interstitium

Question 48

How many generations in trachea?

Answer 48

0

Question 49

How many generations in Main stem Bronchi

Answer 49

1

Question 50

How many generations in Lobar Bronchi

Answer 50

2

Question 51

How many generations Segmental bronchi

Answer 51

3

Question 52

How many generation in Subsegmental Bronchi?

Answer 52

4-9

Question 53

How many generation in Bronchioles?

Answer 53

10-15

Question 54

How many generation in Terminal Bronchioles?

Answer 54

16-19

Question 55

How many generation in Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 55

20-23

Question 56

How many generation in Alveolar ducts?

Answer 56

24-27

Question 57

How many generation in ALveolar Sacs

Answer 57

28