ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
The passageways b/w the ambient environment and the gas exchange units of the lungs
Conducting airways
the Conducting airways is divided into?
Upper and Lower RS
The upper airways include the what structures?(MAIN 4 structures)
Nose, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
- Filters, humidifies, and conditions inspired air
- Site for olfaction
- Generate resonance in phonation
Nose
other term for nostril
nares
other term for hair follicles
vibrissae
- Separate inspired gas into several different airstreams w/c increases the contact area b/w inspired air and the warm, moist surface of the nasal mucosa.
Turbinates aka conchae
3 parts of turbinates
superior, middle, inferior conchae
When warm air is cold, the vascular system becomes engorged with ________ and warms the air.
blood
widening of the nostrils during periods of respiratory difficulty
nasal flaring
- associated with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, pneumonia, acute asthma, any airway obstruction
nasal flaring
reverse of nasal flaring.* associated with nasal obstruction
* Causes the person to be an obligate mouth breather
alar collapse
Name the 4 Paranasal SInuses
Frontal , Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid
- These produce mucus for the nasal cavity and act as resonating chambers for the production of sound.
Paranasal SInuses
Name the 3 regions of Pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
- A vestibule opening into the trachea from the pharynx
- Acts as a passageway of air b/w pharynx and trachea
- Protects against aspiration
- Generates sound for speech
Larynx
- Consists of a framework of 9 cartilages
Larynx
what are the single cartilages of larynx?
Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis
What are the paired cartilages of larynx?
Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform
most important because they influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for speech)
Arytenoid
- Consists of a series of branching airways (generations) w/c become progressively narrower, shorter, and more numerous
Tracheobronchial Tree
Form of TBT which conducts air
Cartilaginous Airways
Form of TBT which is a site for gas exchange
non cartilaginous Airways
3 LAYERS OF TBT
- Epithelial lining
- Lamina propria
- Cartilaginous layer
- Epithelial lining of TBT is Predominantly composed of ____________ (extends from trachea to the respiratory bronchioles)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
__________ progressively disappear and are completely absent in the respiratory bronchioles
Cilia
- Covered by a mucous layer
(mucous blanket)
Epithelial Lining
2 layers of layer mucous blanket
sol layer and gel layer
- Submucosal layer of the TBT
Lamina Propria
contains in TBT layer:
*Blood vessels
*Lymphatic vessels
*Vagus nerve branches
*Smooth muscle fibers
Lamina Propria
What are the structures associated in the cartilaginous layer of TBT?
- Trachea
- Main stem bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Subsegmental bronchi
- Most gas exchange takes place at the
______________
alveolar-capillary membrane
- Approx _____ million alveoli b/w ____ to _____ µm in diameter
A. 300
B. 75 to 300
- ______ to ____ is covered by pulmonary capillaries
85% to 95%
- Aka acinus, terminal respiratory unit, lung parenchyma, or functional unit
Primary Lobule
- About ____ µm in diameter and contains about 2000 alveoli
3.5
- Composed of:
- Type I cell aka squamous pneumocyte
- Type II cell aka granular pneumocyte
- Type III cell aka alveolar macrophage
alveolar epithelium
aka squamous pneumocyte
TYPE 1 CELL
aka granular pneumocyte
TYPE 2 CELL
aka Alveolar Macrophage
Type 3 cell
- Broad, thin cells, form about 95% of the alveolar surface
- Major sites of alveolar gas exchange
- When they die, they are replaced by type II cells that convert to type I cells
Type 1 cell
- Form the remaining 5% of the alveolar surface
- Have microvilli
- Cuboidal in shape
- Primary source of pulmonary surfactant
Type 2 cell
- prevents alveolar atelectasis by reduction of the alveolar surface tension
- prevents the formation of intra-alveolar edema
- have important immunomodulatory functions in the innate host defense system
Surfactant
- Remove bacteria and other foreign particles that are deposited within the acini
- Embedded in the extracellular lining of the alveolar surface
- Originate in the bone marrow but can reproduce within the lungs
Type 3
- Small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa
- 3 to 13 µm in diameter
- Permit gas to move between adjacent alveoli
- # increase progressively with age
Pores of Kohn
- Area b/w the alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary capillary endothelium
- The area where most gas exchange occurs
Tight space of Pulmonary Interstitium
- Area that surrounds the bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Loose space of Pulmonary Interstitium
How many generations in trachea?
0
How many generations in Main stem Bronchi
1
How many generations in Lobar Bronchi
2
How many generations Segmental bronchi
3
How many generation in Subsegmental Bronchi?
4-9
How many generation in Bronchioles?
10-15
How many generation in Terminal Bronchioles?
16-19
How many generation in Respiratory Bronchioles
20-23
How many generation in Alveolar ducts?
24-27
How many generation in ALveolar Sacs
28
